Скачать или смотреть Łukasiewicz's 3-Valued Logic and the Dawn of Many-Valued Systems

The source discusses Jan Łukasiewicz's groundbreaking work in 1920, which challenged the traditional bivalent nature of logic where statements are exclusively true or false. Łukasiewicz introduced a third truth value, alongside true and false, to address statements that don't fit neatly into a binary system. This innovation necessitated the rejection of Gottlob Frege's principle that sentences are merely names for truth values, instead asserting that sentences possess their own unique meaning or "semantic correlate." His system, a form of non-classical logic, laid the foundation for many-valued logic, leading to the exploration of systems with numerous truth values beyond the initial three. Despite initial resistance, Łukasiewicz's ideas significantly expanded the possibilities of logical reasoning and the understanding of truth.

Glossary of Key Terms
Bivalent Logic: The traditional view in logic where every statement is considered to be either strictly true or strictly false, with no other options.
Łukasiewicz, Jan: A brilliant Polish logician who, in 1920, introduced three-valued logic, adding a third truth value beyond true and false.
Three-Valued Logic: A system of logic that introduces a third truth value in addition to true and false, allowing for statements that are not definitively one or the other.
Non-Classical Logic: A broad category of logical systems that challenge and depart from the principles and assumptions of classical (bivalent) logic.
Modal Logic: A type of non-classical logic that deals with concepts of possibility, necessity, impossibility, and contingency.
Paraconsistent Logic: A type of non-classical logic that can handle contradictions without leading to triviality (where everything becomes provable).
Fregean Principle: A principle in classical logic, attributed to Gottlob Frege, which states that a sentence's entire meaning is simply its truth value (i.e., a sentence is just a name for true or false).
Non-Fregean Approach: Łukasiewicz's method of logic that rejects the Fregean principle, asserting that sentences have their own unique meaning (semantic correlate) beyond just their truth value.
Semantic Correlate: In Łukasiewicz's non-Fregean approach, this refers to the unique meaning that a sentence possesses, distinct from its truth value.
Many-Valued Logic: The general field of logic that studies systems with any number of truth values beyond the standard two (e.g., three, four, infinite values).