Why Are Neanderthals Extinct?

Was it climate change? A failure to adapt? Competition from homo sapiens? Run out of marmite? All of the above?

Sources:
Abi-Rached, Laurent et al. “The shaping of modern human immune systems by multiregional admixture with archaic humans.” Science (New York, N.Y.) vol. 334,6052 (2011): 89-94. doi:10.1126/science.1209202

Bicho, Nuno, et al. “Early Upper Paleolithic Colonization across Europe: Time and Mode of the Gravettian Diffusion.” Plos One, vol. 12, no. 5, 2017, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178506.

Meyer, Matthias, et al. “Nuclear DNA Sequences from the Middle Pleistocene Sima De Los Huesos Hominins.” Nature, vol. 531, no. 7595, 2016, pp. 504–507., doi:10.1038/nature17405.

Papagianni, Dimitra. The Neanderthals Rediscovered. Thames & Hudson, 2015.

Peresani, M., et al. “Late Neandertals and the Intentional Removal of Feathers as Evidenced from Bird Bone Taphonomy at Fumane Cave 44 Ky B.P., Italy.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 108, no. 10, 2011, pp. 3888–3893., doi:10.1073/pnas.1016212108.

Pettitt, Paul. The Palaeolithic Origins of Human Burial. Routledge, 2011.

Rendu, W., et al. “Evidence Supporting an Intentional Neandertal Burial at La Chapelle-Aux-Saints.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 111, no. 1, 2013, pp. 81–86., doi:10.1073/pnas.1316780110.

Roberts, Alice. Evolution: The Human Story. Dk Pub, 2018.

Sankararaman, Sriram et al. “The genomic landscape of Neanderthal ancestry in present-day humans.” Nature vol. 507,7492 (2014): 354-7. doi:10.1038/nature12961

Scarre, Christopher. The Human Past World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies. Thames and Hudson, 2018.

J. Josh Snodgrass and William R. Leonard (2009) "Neandertal Energetics Revisited: Insights Into Population Dynamics and Life History Evolution." PaleoAnthropology 2009:220-237


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