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🌍 Methods Used to Clear External Debts | CPA & CIFA Economics ✏️📖

In this Economics and Public Finance lesson, explore the main methods used by countries to clear or manage external debts. Understand how governments reduce the burden of foreign debt through policy measures, negotiations, and financial restructuring strategies.

💡 Key Topics Covered:

Meaning of external debt and its causes

Importance of managing external debt

Main methods used to clear external debts:

Debt repayment – regular servicing of principal and interest

Debt rescheduling – extending repayment periods or adjusting interest rates

Debt refinancing – borrowing new funds to settle old debt

Debt conversion (debt swaps) – exchanging debt for equity, nature, or local investment

Debt cancellation or forgiveness – partial or full write-off by creditors

Seeking international assistance – through IMF, World Bank, or donor countries

Export promotion and foreign exchange earnings – using surplus revenues to pay debts

Austerity and fiscal reforms – reducing expenditure and improving revenue collection

Examples of countries using these methods to manage debt (e.g., Kenya, Zambia, Argentina)

Role of international financial institutions in external debt management

🎯 Who Should Watch:

CPA & CIFA students studying Economics or Public Finance

Policy makers and financial analysts interested in debt sustainability

Anyone seeking to understand how nations handle external debt obligations

📘 Learn With Manifested Publishers:
We simplify complex public finance and economics concepts through clear explanations, examples, and real-world applications — helping learners understand debt management strategies effectively.

💻 Visit: www.manifestedpublishers.com

📞 Call/WhatsApp: +254 724 173 845

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