[제3차 대프랑스 동맹]: Battle of Trafalgar/트라팔가르 해전 - 1805년 10월 21일

"That Hamilton Woman" (1941) HD Quality
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트라팔가르 해전(Battle of Trafalgar)는 나폴레옹 전쟁기간 중 1805년 10월 21일에 프랑스-스페인 연합함대를 상대로 영국해군이 결정적인 승리를 거둔 전투이다. 스페인 남서 해안 트라팔가르 곶 에서 영국의 왕립해군 27척이 프랑스, 스페인 연합함대 33척을 기습하였다. 그 결과 프랑스-스페인 연함함대는 22척을 잃었지만, 영국은 1척도 잃지 않았다.
영국해군을 대승으로 이끈 제독 허레이쇼 넬슨 은 전투 중 전사했지만, 그는 영국의 위대한 해전영웅으로 길이 기억된다.
19세기 중요한 전투 중 하나인 이 해전은 제3차 대프랑스 동맹때 벌어졌다. 영국의 극적인 승리로 18세기부터 이어져온 영국의 제해권을 굳혔다. 이 전투 후 나폴레옹은 영국 침공을 단념하고, 영국의 동맹국 프로이센을 공격했다.
2005년 영국은 이 전투의 200주년을 기념하여 축제 '트라팔가르 200'을 열었다.
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The Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) was a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies, during the War of the Third Coalition (August–December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (1796–1815).
Twenty-seven British ships of the line led by Admiral Lord Nelson aboard HMS Victory defeated thirty-three French and Spanish ships of the line under French Admiral Villeneuve. The battle took place in the Atlantic Ocean off the southwest coast of Spain, just west of Cape Trafalgar, near the town of Los Caños de Meca. The Franco-Spanish fleet lost twenty-two ships and the British lost none.
The victory confirmed the naval supremacy Britain had established during the course of the eighteenth century and it was achieved in part through Nelson's departure from the prevailing naval tactical orthodoxy of the day. Conventional practice at the time was for opposing fleets to engage each other in single parallel lines, in order to facilitate signalling and disengagement, and to maximise fields of fire and target areas. Nelson instead arranged his ships into two columns to sail perpendicularly into the enemy fleet's line.
During the battle, Nelson was shot by a French musketeer and he died shortly before the battle ended. Villeneuve was captured, along with his ship Bucentaure. He later attended Nelson's funeral while a captive on parole in Britain. Admiral Federico Gravina, the senior Spanish flag officer, escaped with the remnant of the fleet. He died five months later from wounds sustained during the battle.