Скачать или смотреть Types of Losses in WaterGEMs l Minor loss l Major loss l

Here's a breakdown of major and minor losses in pipes:

Major Losses (Friction Losses):

1. Frictional resistance due to pipe material
2. Pipe diameter and length
3. Flow velocity and turbulence
4. Valve and fitting losses
5. Bends and elbow losses

Minor Losses (Local Losses):

1. Entrance and exit losses
2. Valve losses (e.g., gate, ball, butterfly)
3. Fitting losses (e.g., tees, elbows, couplings)
4. Bend losses (e.g., 90°, 45°)
5. Expansion and contraction losses
6. Pipe junction losses
7. Filter and strainer losses
8. Meter and instrument losses

Typical Loss Ranges:

Major losses: 70-90% of total head loss
Minor losses: 10-30% of total head loss

Factors Influencing Losses:

1. Pipe material and roughness
2. Flow rate and velocity
3. Pipe diameter and length
4. Valve and fitting type
5. System design and layout

Reducing Losses:

1. Optimize pipe sizing and material
2. Minimize fittings and valves
3. Use efficient valves and fittings
4. Reduce flow rates and velocities
5. Regular maintenance and inspection
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