Haiti,[a] officially the Republic of Haiti,[b][c] is a country in the Caribbean on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of the Bahamas. It occupies the western side of the island, which it shares with the Dominican Republic.[16][17] Haiti is the third largest country in the Caribbean, and with an estimated population of 11.4 million, it is the most populous Caribbean country.[18][19][20] The capital and largest city is Port-au-Prince.
Haiti was originally inhabited by the Taíno people.[21] In 1492, Christopher Columbus established the first European settlement in the Americas, La Navidad, on its northeastern coast.[22][23] The island was part of the Spanish Empire until 1697, when the western portion was ceded to France and became Saint-Domingue, dominated by sugarcane plantations worked by enslaved Africans.
Historically poor and politically unstable, Haiti has faced severe economic and political crises, gang activity displacing over 1.3 million,[29][30] and the collapse of its government. One of the world's least developed countries and with no elected officials remaining, Haiti has been described as a failed state.[31][32]
Port-au-Prince (/ˌpɔːrt oʊ ˈprɪns/ PORT oh PRINSS; French: [pɔʁ o pʁɛ̃s] ⓘ; Haitian Creole: Pòtoprens, [pɔtopɣɛ̃s]) is the capital and most populous city of Haiti. The city's population was estimated at 1,200,000 in 2022 with the metropolitan area estimated at a population of 2,618,894.[5] The metropolitan area is defined by the IHSI as including the communes of Port-au-Prince, Delmas, Cité Soleil, Tabarre, Carrefour, and Pétion-Ville.
The city of Port-au-Prince is on the Gulf of Gonâve: the bay on which the city lies, which acts as a natural harbor, has sustained economic activity since the civilizations of the Taíno. It was first incorporated under French colonial rule in 1749. The city's layout is similar to that of an amphitheater; commercial districts are near the water, while residential neighborhoods are located on the hills above. Its population is difficult to ascertain due to the rapid growth of slums in the hillsides above the city; however, recent estimates place the metropolitan area's population at around 3.7 million, nearly a third of the country's national population.[11] The city was catastrophically affected by a massive earthquake in 2010,[12] with large numbers of structures damaged or destroyed. Haiti's government estimated the death toll to be 230,000.[13] Since 2020, Port-au-Prince has been paralyzed by extensive gang violence; kidnappings, massacres, and gang rapes are common occurrences, often with the complicity of police officers and politicians.[14]
Cap-Haïtien (French: [kap a.isjɛ̃] ⓘ; Haitian Creole: Kap Ayisyen; "Haitian Cape") is a commune of about 400,000 people on the north coast of Haiti and capital of the department of Nord. Previously named Cap‑Français (Haitian Creole: Kap-Fransè; initially Cap-François[5] Haitian Creole: Kap-Franswa) and Cap‑Henri (Haitian Creole: Kap-Anri) during the rule of Henri I, it was historically nicknamed the Paris of the Antilles, because of its wealth and sophistication, expressed through its architecture and artistic life.[6][7][8][9] It was an important city during the colonial period, serving as the capital of the French Colony of Saint-Domingue from the city's formal foundation in 1711 until 1770 when the capital was moved to Port-au-Prince. After the Haitian Revolution, it became the capital of the Kingdom of Haiti under King Henri I until 1820.
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