This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of women's healthcare, emphasizing the nurse's role in health maintenance, screening, and disease prevention across the lifespan. It begins by outlining essential health history assessments and physical examinations, including specific screening procedures like Papanicolaou (Pap) tests for cervical cytology and mammography for the early detection of breast cancer. The text details benign breast disorders, such as fibrocystic breast changes and fibroadenomas, distinguishing them from malignant tumors. Extensive coverage is provided on breast cancer, identifying risk factors like BRCA gene mutations, describing staging systems, and exploring therapeutic management options ranging from breast conservation surgery and modified radical mastectomy to adjuvant therapies like radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy. The chapter addresses cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death in women, highlighting unique, often atypical symptoms such as fatigue and upper body pain that differ from male presentations, alongside risk reduction strategies for hypertension and coronary artery disease. Menstrual cycle disorders are examined in depth, including primary and secondary amenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding, and cyclic pelvic pain associated with conditions like mittelschmerz and endometriosis, a disorder where endometrial tissue proliferates outside the uterus causing pain and infertility. Management strategies for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and the more severe premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are also outlined. The text discusses elective termination of pregnancy, comparing medical regimens involving mifepristone and misoprostol with surgical methods like vacuum aspiration. Physiological and psychological changes during the climacteric and menopause are explored, evaluating the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and addressing postmenopausal health concerns such as atrophic vaginitis and osteoporosis, which is managed through calcium, vitamin D, and bisphosphonates. Pelvic floor dysfunction is categorized into disorders like cystocele, rectocele, and uterine prolapse, with treatments ranging from Kegel exercises and pessaries to surgical repair. Finally, the chapter covers benign and malignant reproductive tract disorders, including uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) and ovarian cysts, and concludes with a detailed review of infectious disorders, including sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) like chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes genitalis, and human papillomavirus (HPV), as well as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and toxic shock syndrome (TSS).
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