Tilakkhana 3 Characteristics Anijja Dhukkha Anatta

The Buddha's teaching on the Tilakkhaṇa, or the "Three Marks of Existence," reveals profound truths about the nature of all beings and experiences in the world. These three characteristics are: Anicca (pronounced 'Anijja'), impermanence, Dukkha: suffering or unsatisfactoriness, and Anattā; non-self, or the absence of a lasting essence.

First, anicca teaches that all things, from physical objects to our thoughts and emotions, are in constant flux. Nothing in existence is permanent. Everything arises, changes, and eventually ceases. This impermanence applies to all phenomena, showing that clinging to anything as unchanging leads to dissatisfaction.

Next, dukkha reflects the unsatisfactory nature of existence. It does not only mean suffering in the sense of pain but refers to the deeper truth that everything conditioned is subject to discomfort, unease, and frustration. Even moments of pleasure are fleeting, which leads to eventual dissatisfaction when they pass.

Finally, anattā points to the absence of a fixed, unchanging self. What we consider to be "self"—our body, thoughts, emotions, and perceptions—is a collection of temporary processes without a core essence. Understanding anattā helps us to release attachment to the false notion of a permanent self, easing suffering.

Together, the Three Marks of Existence guide us toward deeper insight and liberation, by understanding the true nature of reality. The Buddha's revelation encourages us to see the world as it is, rather than through the illusions we construct, leading us toward the path of peace and freedom from suffering.