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CELL PHYSIOLOGY

Cell physiology is the branch of biology that studies the functions and activities of cell.

How cells live, work, communicate and maintain balance in the body

Topia comes under Cell physiology 8-

1) Structure and Function of cell

2) Membrane Physiology

3) Transport across cell membrane

4) Cell communication

5) Cell Metabollism

6) Cell cycle and Cell Division

7) Cell Regulation.

Structure of Cell 8-

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life

All living organisms are made up of cells

Types of Cells:-

Prokaryotic cells

No true nudeus

Example

Bacteria.

Eukaryotic cell

True nucleus present

Example

Herman cell

Cell Organelles and Their Functions.

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosomes

Centrosome
Membrane Physioingy

Membrane physinlogy & the study of the function of the Plasma membrane, especially how substance meves acrest !! and have it maintains internal belarve

Structure of Cell Membrang-

Fluid Mosaic Modet

proposed by

S.J singer and Garth L. Nicelson (1992)

Made up of phospholipid bilayer

Proteins are embedded in it

It is seledively permeable

Flexible and dynamic

Important funchions of Membrane Physiology

Selective Permiability

Allow some substance to pars.

3) Transport Mechanims

Passive Transport Diffusion

(NoenergyBulk Transport

Veshular Transport The movement of large molecules or particles atrod the cell membrane swing membrane

bound-vestules

It requires energy (ATP)

thed when substance are too large to Pow thaough channels en carriers

Endocytosis: Movement of substance into the cell

Phagocytosis-

cets eating (bacteria)

Procytosis

Cell dring drinking (liquide)

Receptors Mediated endocytosis specific molecular

enter through receptors

Exocytosis:

Moverment of substance out of the Celu

Secretion of Hormones. Release of Neurotransmitters

Resting Membrane Potential. (RMP)

Resting Membrane potential is the electrical potential difference across the cell membrane when the call u at test frot stimulated)

Inside the cell Negative
Transportation of Various Substances across the Cell Membrang

Transport across the plasma membrane is an important part of membrane physiology. It helps maintain homeostasis in the cell.

Two Main Mechanism Pasiive Transport

(No energy Required

Active Tramport

(Energy required-ATP used)

1) PASSIVE TRANS PORT: Movement occurs from high

concentration to low concentration Calong concentration gradient)

Simple diffusion

Direct movement through lipid bilayer

No carrier protein needed

eg oxygen (02), Carbon dioxide (102)

Facilitale diffusion uses carrier or channel protein

No ATP required

Eg. Glucose, fons (Nat, kt)

Osmosis: movement of water across semipermiable

membrane

From low solute concentration to High Solute concentration

2) ACTIVE TRANSPORT - Movement occurs against concentration gradient (low High concentration)

Primary Active Transport:

Direct use of ATP

eg Sodium-Potassium pump.

Secondary Active Transport: Lies of energy indirectly

(from lon gradient)

Eg- Glucose-sodium co-transport
Outside the cell positive

In Neurons, it is about 70 mv

Why RMP

formed

Unequal du tribution of ions (Nat, kt. (1)

3 More k¹ fruide, more Nat outside

3) Na/kt pump maintains Pon balance

4) Membrane is more

Osmosis

Facilitate diffusion

Active Tramport

Nat/kt Pump

Endocytosis

Taking functional subistance inssite

Exocytosis- Retesing substances outside

4) Cell communication hormoner and neurotransmitters

5) Maintainance of Homeostadu
Produce Energy

Protein synthesis

Transport and protein/ lipid

Synthesis

Packaging and secretion

-Digestion of waste

Helps in cell división