कैसे TATa ने भारत की डूबती Economy को बचाया? | How TATA STEEL became the Greatest Company in INDIA
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HISTORY OF TATA
The Tata Group was founded as a private trading firm in 1868 by entrepreneur and philanthropist Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata. In 1902 the group incorporated the Indian Hotels Company to commission the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, the first luxury hotel in India, which opened the following year. After Jamsetji’s death in 1904, his son Sir Dorab Tata took over as chair of the Tata Group. Under Dorab’s leadership the group quickly diversified, venturing into a vast array of new industries, including steel (1907), electricity (1910), education (1911), consumer goods (1917), and aviation (1932).
Following Dorab’s death in 1932, Sir Nowroji Saklatwala became the group’s chair. Six years later Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata (J.R.D.) took over the position. His continued expansion of the company into new sectors—such as chemicals (1939), technology (1945), cosmetics (1952), marketing, engineering, and manufacturing (1954), tea (1962), and software services (1968)—earned Tata Group international recognition. In 1945 Tata Group established the Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company (TELCO) to manufacture engineering and locomotive products; it was renamed Tata Motors in 2003. In 1991 J.R.D.’s nephew, Indian business mogul Ratan Tata, succeeded him as chairman of the Tata Group. Upon assuming leadership of the conglomerate, Ratan aggressively sought to expand it, and increasingly he focused on globalizing its businesses. In 2000 the group acquired London-based Tetley Tea, and in 2004 it purchased the truck-manufacturing operations of South Korea’s Daewoo Motors. In 2001 Tata Group partnered with American International Group, Inc. (AIG) to create the insurance company Tata-AIG.
conglomerate, in business, a corporation formed by the acquisition by one firm of several others, each of which is engaged in an activity that generally differs from that of the original. The management of such a corporation may wish to diversify its field of operations for a number of reasons: making additional use of existing plant facilities, improving its marketing position with a broader range of products, or decreasing the inherent risk in depending on the demand for a single product. There may also be financial advantages to be gained from the reorganization of other companies.
In the late 19th century many American conglomerates, such as the Standard Oil Company and Trust, sought to control all aspects relating to the development, production, marketing, and delivery of their products. Responding to criticisms of the apparent monopolies enjoyed by such companies, the U.S. Congress enacted antitrust legislation with the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) and the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914).
A strategy of diversification spurred the formation of many conglomerates in the mid-20th century, especially as firms sought to acquire unrelated companies whose products and services might better withstand economic slowdowns. In that era, a holding company such as the former ITT Corporation or Gulf + Western might have had interests that included hotels, film studios, telephone service, and insurance. By the late 20th and earlhowever, global competition created conditions that favoured industry consolidation, as evidenced by mergers among large corporations in the banking, automotive, telecommunications, computer, retail, and entertainment industries.
J.R.D. Tata, in full Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata, (born July 29, 1904, Paris, France—died November 29, 1993, Geneva, Switzerland), Indian businessman and aviation pioneer who created India’s first airline and oversaw the dramatic expansion of the Tata Group, India’s largest industrial empire.
Tata was born into one of India’s wealthiest families, but his mother was French, and he spent much of his childhood in France. As a result, French was his first language. It was while on a summer vacation that he first met aviation pioneer Louis Blériot, and the encounter kindled an interest in aircraft that eventually became a lifelong passion. After studying in France, Japan, and England, Tata served in the French army for a year. He had planned to study engineering at the University of Cambridge but was compelled to return to India to assume his role in the Tata family business in 1925.
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