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FILTERS IN RECTIFIERS
TOPIC: Types of Filters Used After Rectification
1. Capacitor (C) Filter
A capacitor filter is connected in shunt across the rectifier output to smooth the pulsating DC.
It charges to the peak voltage during conduction and discharges slowly when the diode is off.
This action fills the gaps in the waveform and reduces ripple effectively.
C filters work best with light loads and full-wave rectification.
However, ripple increases at heavy loads because the capacitor discharges faster.
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2. Series Inductor (L) Filter
An inductor is placed in series with the load to oppose changes in current.
Its inductive reactance increases for AC components and decreases for DC, blocking ripples naturally.
It provides better smoothing under heavy load conditions.
L filters are more effective with full-wave rectifiers because the current is continuous.
The major drawback is that they are bulky and expensive.
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3. LC (L–C) Filter
The LC filter combines a series inductor and a shunt capacitor for superior ripple reduction.
The inductor removes high-frequency AC components, while the capacitor smooths the remaining variations.
This combination is more efficient than using either component alone.
It provides low ripple at moderate cost and size.
LC filters are commonly used in power supplies where better performance is required.
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4. π (Pi or CLC) Filter
The π filter uses a capacitor–inductor–capacitor arrangement that forms a shape similar to the Greek letter π.
The first capacitor reduces the majority of ripple by shunting AC components.
The inductor further filters the remaining AC while allowing DC to pass.
The second capacitor smooths the output to produce a very low-ripple DC.
Pi filters offer excellent performance but require larger components.
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5. Shunt Capacitor (Input C) Filter
This is the simplest filter connected directly after the rectifier as a large capacitor to ground.
It charges instantly to the peak value and supplies current during diode non-conduction.
Its simplicity makes it ideal for small power supplies.
However, it draws high peak currents from the rectifier, stressing the diode.
Ripple is low at light loads but increases significantly under heavier loads.
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SHUNT CAPACITOR
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