abstract class characteristics in java

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tutorial on abstract classes in java

what is an abstract class?

an abstract class in java is a class that cannot be instantiated on its own and is meant to be subclassed. it can contain both abstract methods (methods without a body) and concrete methods (methods with a body). abstract classes are used when you want to provide a common base for a group of related classes.

characteristics of abstract classes

1. **cannot be instantiated**: you cannot create an instance of an abstract class directly. you can only create instances of its subclasses.

2. **can contain abstract methods**: an abstract class can have abstract methods (methods without implementation) that must be implemented by subclasses.

3. **can contain concrete methods**: alongside abstract methods, abstract classes can also have fully implemented methods.

4. **can have constructors**: abstract classes can have constructors, which can be called by subclasses during instantiation.

5. **can have state**: abstract classes can have member variables (fields) that hold state.

6. **support for inheritance**: abstract classes facilitate code reuse and support polymorphism, allowing subclasses to inherit common behavior.

syntax

the syntax for declaring an abstract class is as follows:



example

here is an example to demonstrate the characteristics of abstract classes in java:



explanation

1. **abstract class definition**: the class `animal` is declared as abstract. it contains a constructor, an abstract method `sound()`, and a concrete method `display()`.

2. **subclasses**: `dog` and `cat` are concrete subclasses of `animal`. they provide implementations for the abstract method `sound()`.

3. **instantiation**: you cannot create an instance of `animal`, but you can create instances of `dog` and `cat`. in the `main` method, we demonstrate the use of both the concrete and abstract methods.

conclusion

abstract classes are a powerful feature in java that allows for a clear definition of interf ...

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