Why KOH Alters the Outcome in Kolbe's Reaction?

Why KOH give a different product?
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Title: "Role of KOH in Kolbe's Reaction: Mechanistic Insights into Product Differentiation"

KOH (potassium hydroxide) gives a different product in Kolbe's reaction due to its role as a strong base, which affects the reaction mechanism. In the Kolbe reaction, a phenol reacts with carbon dioxide in the presence of a strong base like KOH, leading to the formation of an aromatic carboxylic acid. The strong base deprotonates the phenol, forming a phenoxide ion, which then reacts with carbon dioxide to form a carboxylate intermediate. Upon acidification, this intermediate yields the carboxylic acid product. The strength and concentration of KOH, along with reaction conditions, can influence the orientation of the carboxylation, leading to different isomeric products (ortho- and para-substituted products).