Скачать или смотреть Cartilage | Chapter 10 - Histology: A Text and Atlas (8th Edition)

Chapter 10 of Histology: A Text and Atlas (8th Edition) by Wojciech Pawlina explores cartilage as a specialized connective tissue composed of chondrocytes embedded within an extensive extracellular matrix that provides structural support and flexibility without the rigidity of bone. The chapter begins by describing cartilage’s avascular nature and reliance on diffusion from the perichondrium for nutrient delivery, emphasizing its limited regenerative capacity. Three major types of cartilage are discussed: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage, the most prevalent form, is found in articular surfaces, respiratory pathways, and epiphyseal plates; it is characterized by type II collagen fibers and ground substance rich in proteoglycans like aggrecan, providing resilience and compressive strength. Elastic cartilage, found in the external ear and epiglottis, contains elastic fibers in addition to type II collagen, enabling greater flexibility. Fibrocartilage, present in intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis, combines dense connective tissue and cartilage features, with type I and type II collagen arranged in parallel bundles for tensile strength. The chapter outlines chondrogenesis, the process by which mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts, form cartilage models, and mature into chondrocytes within lacunae. Appositional and interstitial growth mechanisms are detailed, as are zones of cartilage organization in growth plates—resting, proliferative, hypertrophic, and calcified cartilage. The importance of cartilage matrix molecules like glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), chondronectin, and multiadhesive glycoproteins in maintaining tissue architecture is emphasized. Clinical correlations include osteoarthritis (degenerative loss of hyaline cartilage), herniated discs (fibrocartilage disruption), and chondrosarcoma (malignant cartilage tumor). The chapter concludes with the role of cartilage in embryonic development, joint function, and as a precursor in endochondral ossification, establishing its critical role in the musculoskeletal system.



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