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ਝੋਨੇ ਦਾ ਬੌਨਾ ਰੋਗ ਹਲਦੀ ਰੋਗ ਜਾਂ ਹੋਰ ਸਮੱਸਿਆਵਾਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਕੀ ਪਰਾਲੀ ਨੂੰ ਅੱਗ ? 💥Paddy stubble burning
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Paddy stubble burning is the practice of setting fire to crop residue left in the field after a rice harvest. Primarily done in Northern India, especially in Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh, it is a quick and cheap method to clear fields before sowing the next crop, such as wheat. This practice is a major contributor to air pollution and presents a significant environmental and health issue.
Causes
Several factors have led to the entrenchment of stubble burning in the region:
Mechanized harvesting: Modern combine harvesters leave behind a significant amount of stalk (10-15 cm) compared to manual harvesting. Clearing this residue by hand is too labor-intensive and costly for most farmers.
Narrow sowing window: A short interval exists between harvesting the rice crop (September–October) and sowing the next wheat crop (November–December). Burning is the fastest way to prepare the land.
Legal policies: The Punjab Preservation of Subsoil Water Act of 2009 delayed paddy transplantation to conserve groundwater. This unintentionally compressed the time between harvesting and sowing, making burning more likely.
Economic constraints: For many farmers, especially those with small landholdings, purchasing or renting expensive stubble management machinery is not economically feasible. The price of diesel further increases the operational cost of using such equipment.
Perceived benefits: Some farmers believe that burning is an effective way to kill pests, weeds, and pathogens. While it offers a short-term benefit, it destroys beneficial microorganisms in the soil over the long term.

Punjab farmers burn stubble primarily for economic and time-related reasons, clearing their fields quickly between the rice harvest and the sowing of the next wheat crop. The current mechanized harvesting methods leave a large amount of residue, and other options for residue management are often too expensive or impractical for many farmers.
Primary reasons for burning stubble
Time constraints
Narrow window for planting: A 2009 law was intended to preserve groundwater by delaying paddy sowing until the monsoon season, pushing the harvest to late October and November. This leaves farmers with only about 15–20 days to prepare their fields for the winter wheat crop, a process that used to take more than 45 days.
Quickest method: Burning is the fastest way to clear the fields, enabling farmers to meet the tight deadline for sowing their next crop.
High cost of alternatives
Expensive machinery: Alternatives like the Happy Seeder and balers, which manage residue without burning, require substantial upfront or rental costs. For small and marginal farmers, the expense is often prohibitive.
Diesel and labor costs: Even with subsidized machinery, farmers face high costs for diesel and labor to operate the equipment and manage the straw, making burning seem like the only economically viable option.
Limited government incentives: Some government support programs have been inconsistent or inadequate, leaving farmers without sufficient financial and logistical assistance to adopt eco-friendly practices.
Logistical challenges
Mechanized harvesting: The widespread use of combined harvesters, adopted due to labor shortages and high labor costs, leaves tall stubble behind that is difficult to remove without special equipment.
Inadequate infrastructure: There is a lack of sufficient infrastructure for the storage and efficient off-farm use of paddy straw, such as in bio-energy plants or as packaging material.
Misinformation and fear: Some farmers are influenced by misinformation, with unfounded fears that incorporating stubble into the soil will lead to pest infestations or lower crop yields.
Harmful effects of stubble burning
While burning is an easy solution for farmers, it has severe negative consequences for the environment and public health.
Air pollution: It releases large amounts of harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases, contributing significantly to the winter smog in Delhi and northern India.
Soil degradation: Burning destroys soil nutrients, beneficial microbes, and organic matter, reducing soil fertility and long-term agricultural sustainability.
Health issues: The smoke causes respiratory problems, eye irritation, and other health issues for millions of people, especially children and the elderly.