How to perform a Mantel test comparing genetic to geographic distances using R (don't use Arlequin!)

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This tutorial shows you how to perform a Mantel test to compare the genetic distances to the geographic distances for a group of specimens. You can learn more about these Mantel tests, and what they are for, here:
https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy20...

I also have other tutorials for using Arlequin, but I don't recommend Arlequin for these genetic versus geographic Mantel tests. This is because it is too hard to get the formatting set up. You can do it much more easily in R.

This tutorial uses Rstudio under Ubuntu Linux version 20.04.

This tutorial assumes you already have R and Rstudio installed. See my tutorial for installing those software:
   • How to install R and Rstudio under Ub...  

This tutorial assumes you are using Ubuntu Linux version 20.04 as your operating system. If you do not have a computer running Ubuntu, fear not. You can install Ubuntu as a virtual machine within your current operating system. It is all free.
The instructions for Windows computers are here:
   • Install Ubuntu on VirtualBox || Linux...  
The instructions for Mac computers are here (from 0:00 to 5:37):
   • How to Install Windows 10 in UTM (M1/...  

FYI:
I have made a Linux virtual machine that is pre-configured with population genetics and ecological niche modeling programs. I have made videos explaining how to hook up this virtual machine within your Mac or Windows computer, so that you can start using the pre-configured software without having to install any of them (and even without having to install Ubuntu Linux!).

Windows:    • Ubuntu 20.04 virtual machine for Virt...  
Mac:    • Ubuntu 20.04 virtual machine for UTM ...