Population vs Sample

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The first step of every statistical analysis you will perform is to determine whether the data you are dealing with is a population or a sample.

A population is the collection of all items of interest to our study and is usually denoted with an uppercase N. The numbers we’ve obtained when using a population are called parameters.
A sample is a subset of the population and is denoted with a lowercase n, and the numbers we’ve obtained when working with a sample are called statistics.

Populations are hard to define and observe. On the other hand, sampling is difficult. But samples have two big advantages. First, after you have experience, it is not that hard to recognize if a sample is representative. And, second, statistical tests are designed to work with incomplete data; thus, making a small mistake while sampling is not always a problem.

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