PWM vs MPPT Charge Controller for Solar Panels: Which one is best?

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In this video, I delve into the decision between MPPT vs PWM charge controllers for solar applications, offering insight into which might be the best choice for your specific needs. The distinction between PWM vs MPPT charge controllers is significant, especially when considering the efficiency and overall performance of your solar power system.

Starting with a basic setup involving a solar panel, a PWM charge controller, and a 12-volt battery, I illustrate a common scenario. The solar panel operates at 20 volts and 5 amps, but with a PWM controller, the battery charges at 13 volts, leading to a loss of 7 volts. This voltage, when multiplied by the current, equates to a 35-watt power loss, making the system only about 65 percent efficient. This example highlights the PWM vs MPPT difference in terms of energy conversion efficiency.

One key factor to consider when choosing a PWM charge controller is the need to closely match the panel voltage to that of the battery bank. For instance, pairing a 35-volt panel with a 12-volt battery using a PWM controller is ineffective due to the excessive input voltage. Conversely, this setup could be suitable for a 24-volt system, illustrating the importance of understanding the compatibility between your solar panel's voltage and your battery bank.

Another consideration is the cost implication of wiring when using PWM controllers. Since the solar panels are likely wired in parallel to match the battery voltage, this increases the current and necessitates thicker, more expensive wiring. Sometimes, opting for an MPPT controller and wiring the panels in series can be more cost-effective despite the higher initial cost of MPPT controllers.

MPPT controllers stand out by increasing the current delivered to the battery, effectively converting more of the solar panel's output into usable power. This is demonstrated by comparing the efficiency of PWM and MPPT controllers, with MPPT offering near-complete conversion of input to output power, acting as a current converter.

I also share a tip about increasing the battery voltage to reduce the cost of charge controllers. For example, using a higher voltage battery system reduces the required amperage of the charge controller, which can significantly cut costs. Additionally, for system expansion, multiple charge controllers can be added in parallel to the same battery bank, a flexibility I discuss further in an article on my website.

In conclusion, I recommend PWM charge controllers for low-power applications or when power loss is not a critical concern, such as systems under 200 watts or for budget-conscious setups. In all other scenarios, the benefits of an MPPT charge controller, especially for efficiency and space constraints, justify the extra expense. This comparison between PWM vs MPPT on cloudy days and in various conditions aims to guide you in making the most informed choice for your solar power system.