Скачать или смотреть Turbulent vs. Laminar Flow and its effect on your Water Meter

When a fluid is flowing through a closed channel such as a pipe or between two flat plates, either of two types of flow may occur depending on the velocity of the fluid: laminar flow or turbulent flow. Laminar flow tends to occur at lower velocities, below the onset of turbulent flow. Turbulent flow is a less orderly flow regime that is characterized by eddies or small packets of fluid particles which result in lateral mixing. In nonscientific terms laminar flow is "smooth", while turbulent flow is "rough".

"The non-ideal condition is any of the infinitude of conditions where the upstream piping conditions produce pipe flow distributions that differ from those associated with fully developed flow. These non-ideal pipe flows can significantly affect the flowmeter performance."
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology

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"Flow meters were tested under a variety of conditions to determine potential errors in flow rate measurements due to excessive turbulence in the water. Relatively large errors occurred for all meters under turbulence caused by a partially closed butterfly valve."
University of California

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