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🇺🇸 U.S. Army in the Philippines: World War II
The role of the U.S. Army in the Philippines during World War II was defined by two distinct and dramatic campaigns: the initial defense and defeat in 1941–1942, and the subsequent liberation from 1944–1945.
Initial Defense and Defeat (1941–1942)
USAFFE Formation: Months before the war, General Douglas MacArthur was recalled to active duty and appointed commander of the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), which combined American troops (including the veteran Philippine Scouts) and the Philippine Commonwealth Army. The USAFFE comprised around 100,000 Filipinos and 20,000 Americans.
Japanese Invasion: Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Japanese forces invaded the Philippines. Despite MacArthur's defense plans, the American and Filipino forces were quickly overwhelmed.
Bataan and Corregidor: Adhering to the pre-war War Plan Orange, the USAFFE withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and the fortified island of Corregidor in Manila Bay for a desperate delaying action. The troops held out for months despite severe shortages of food, medicine, and equipment.
Surrender and Atrocities: MacArthur was ordered to evacuate to Australia in March 1942, famously vowing, "I shall return." The remaining American and Filipino forces, under General Jonathan Wainwright, surrendered in April (Bataan) and May (Corregidor) 1942. This defeat led to the tragic Bataan Death March, where thousands of prisoners of war died due to Japanese brutality and neglect.
Guerrilla Support (1942–1944)
Resistance Movement: Though the U.S. Army was defeated, many American soldiers evaded capture and, along with Filipino patriots, formed a widespread and effective guerrilla resistance movement.
U.S. Support: From Australia, MacArthur and the U.S. Navy supported the guerrillas through submarine supply runs and intelligence-gathering, keeping the fight against the Japanese occupation alive.
The Liberation Campaign (1944–1945)
MacArthur's Return: The campaign to retake the Philippines began in October 1944. General MacArthur delivered on his promise by wading ashore on Leyte Island with elements of the U.S. Sixth Army, declaring, "I have returned."
Major Battles: The liberation involved massive land and naval operations, including:
Battle of Leyte (1944–1945): This included the massive Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle of WWII.
Invasion of Luzon (1945): The largest and most critical campaign, aimed at retaking the capital and main Japanese forces.
**Battle of Manila (1945): A month of intense urban combat fought by the U.S. Army and Filipino forces against entrenched Japanese troops, which resulted in the devastation of the city and massive civilian casualties.
Final Victory: U.S. Army and Filipino forces, including recognized guerrilla units, continued fighting until July 1945, when MacArthur declared the islands liberated. Significant, though disorganized, Japanese resistance continued until the official end of the war in August 1945.
This video explores MacArthur's journey, from his departure to his triumphant return to the Philippines: MacArthur's Return to the Philippines | WWII IN Philippines 🇵🇭