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how dns resolves domain names to ip addresses: a deep dive

the domain name system (dns) is the backbone of the internet, enabling us to use human-readable domain names like `www.example.com` instead of memorizing complex ip addresses like `192.0.2.1`. this tutorial will comprehensively explain how dns works, from the initial request to the final resolution, covering various server types, record types, and common scenarios.

*1. the problem: why dns is needed*

imagine a world without dns. every time you wanted to visit a website, you'd have to type in the ip address directly. not only would this be extremely difficult to remember, but ip addresses can change. dns solves these problems by providing a system to:

*translate domain names to ip addresses:* making the internet user-friendly.
*provide a decentralized and scalable system:* distributing the load and preventing a single point of failure.
*enable easy changes:* if a website's ip address changes, only the dns record needs to be updated.

*2. the key players: dns servers and resolvers*

at its core, dns involves two main participants:

*dns resolver (recursive resolver or dns client):* this is a piece of software running on your device (computer, smartphone, router) that initiates the dns query. it's responsible for asking the questions and following the chain of referrals until it finds the answer. your operating system or router usually configures this with the ip address of your isp's dns server or a public dns server like google's (8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4) or cloudflare's (1.1.1.1).

*dns servers:* these are servers that hold dns records, containing information about domain names and their associated ip addresses. there are several types of dns servers, each with a specific role. we'll discuss these in detail below.

*3. types of dns servers*

dns servers operate within a hierarchical system. each type of server plays a vital role in the resolution process.

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DNS resolution
domain names
IP addresses
DNS hierarchy
DNS query
authoritative nameservers
recursive resolver
caching
A records
DNS lookup
name resolution
DNS protocol
DNS hierarchy levels
domain registration
Internet infrastructure