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Characteristics of fungi and their important structures

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The kingdom Protista can be subdivided into two groups based on the cellular characteristics.
1. Eukaryotes
2. Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes: resemble plants and animal in their cell composition, this group includes algae, fungi and protozoa.
Prokaryotes: bacteria and cyanobacteria(blue green algae)

Somatic or vegetative structures

Thallus: is a relatively simple plant body devoid of stems, roots and leaves.
Mycelium is the mass of hyphae which constitute the fungal thallus. Mycelium may be coloured or hyaline (colourless),ectophytic or endophytic (intercellular in between the cells or intra-cellular inside the cells).

Ectophytic: the entire thallus is present on the surface of the host. Eg. Powdery mildew of peas
Endophytic: The thallus is present inside the host tissue.It may be intercellular, intra cellular or both inter and intra cellular.

Intercellular: White rust: Albugo sp.,Late blight: Phytophthora infestans
Intracellular: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lini (wilt of linseed)
Inter and intra cellular: Colletotrichum capsici : Die-back of chillies

Plectenchyma: During certain stages of fungal development, the mycelium becomes organized into loosely or compact woven tissues, as against the loose hyphae. The organized fungal tissues are called plectenchyma.
Prosenchyma: The loosely woven tissue in which the component hyphae with elongated cells lie more or less paralell to one another is called prosenchyma.
Pseudoparenchyma: The fungal tissues which are closely packed in the form of more or less isodiametric or oval cells resembling the parenchyma cells of higher plants are called pseudoparenchyma.

Rhizoids: A short, root like filamentous out growth of the thallus at the base of thalli, serving as an anchoring/ attachment organ and also absorption of nutrients from the substrate.
Appresorium: A flattened, hyphal, pressing organ from which a minute infection peg usually grows and enters the epidermal cell of the host.
Haustorium: An absorbing organ originating on a hypha and penetrating into cells of the host.