Скачать или смотреть Direct and Indirect Speech - ICSE Class 8 English Language / Grammar Chapter 19

Direct speech is when you use a person's exact words inside quotation marks, like saying Nisha said, I will consider the proposal. Indirect speech is when you report what someone said without their exact words, such as Nisha said that she would consider the proposal. When you change direct speech to indirect, you remove the quotation marks and the comma after the reporting verb. You often use a joining word like that to connect the reporting part to the spoken part, and every sentence is turned into a regular statement ending with a full stop.

One of the biggest changes involves the tense of the verbs. If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the verbs in the speech usually shift backward, so simple present becomes simple past and will becomes would. However, if someone is talking about a universal truth, like the fact that trees purify air, the tense does not change. You also have to change pronouns so they make sense from the reporter's perspective. Additionally, words that show nearness in time and place change to show distance, meaning here becomes there and tomorrow becomes the next day.

Different types of sentences require special reporting verbs and structures. For questions, you use verbs like asked or wondered and change the word order to look like a statement rather than a question. If a question can be answered with yes or no, you add the word if or whether. For commands or requests, you use verbs like ordered or requested and change the main action into a to form, like to leave the room. Finally, for exclamations or wishes, you use words like exclaimed with joy or praised to capture the feeling of the original speaker.

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