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What is non alcoholic fatty liver disease?
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an umbrella term for a range of liver conditions affecting people who drink little to no alcohol. As the name implies, the main characteristic of NAFLD is too much fat stored in liver cells. NAFLD is increasingly common around the world, especially in Western nations.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is an umbrella term for a range of liver conditions affecting people who drink little to no alcohol. As the name implies, the main characteristic of Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is too much fat stored in liver cells.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is increasingly common around the world, especially in Western nations. In the United States, it is the most common form of chronic liver disease, affecting about one-quarter of the population.

Some individuals with Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease can develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis,an aggressive form of fatty liver disease, which is marked by liver inflammation and may progress to advanced scarring (cirrhosis) and liver failure. This damage is similar to the damage caused by heavy alcohol use.

Causes
Experts don't know exactly why some people accumulate fat in the liver while others do not. Similarly, there is limited understanding of why some fatty livers develop inflammation that progresses to cirrhosis.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are both linked to the following:

Overweight or obesity
Insulin resistance, in which your cells don't take up sugar in response to the hormone insulin
High blood sugar (hyperglycemia), indicating prediabetes or type 2 diabetes
High levels of fats, particularly triglycerides, in the blood
These combined health problems appear to promote the deposit of fat in the liver. For some people, this excess fat acts as a toxin to liver cells, causing liver inflammation and NASH, which may lead to a buildup of scar tissue in the liver.

Risk factors
A wide range of diseases and conditions can increase your risk of NAFLD, including:

High cholesterol
High levels of triglycerides in the blood
Metabolic syndrome
Obesity, particularly when fat is concentrated in the abdomen
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Sleep apnea
Type 2 diabetes
Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)
Underactive pituitary gland (hypopituitarism)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is more likely in these groups:

Older people
People with diabetes
People with body fat concentrated in the abdomen
Complications
The main complication of Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is cirrhosis, which is late-stage scarring in the liver. Cirrhosis occurs in response to liver injury, such as the inflammation in Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
As the liver tries to halt inflammation, it produces areas of scarring (fibrosis). With continued inflammation, fibrosis spreads to take up more and more liver tissue.

If the process isn't interrupted, cirrhosis can lead to:

Fluid buildup in the abdomen (ascites)
Swelling of veins in your esophagus (esophageal varices), which can rupture and bleed
Confusion, drowsiness and slurred speech (hepatic encephalopathy)
Liver cancer
End-stage liver failure, which means the liver has stopped functioning
Between 5% and 12% of people with Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease will progress to cirrhosis.

Prevention
To reduce your risk of Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease:

Choose a healthy diet. Choose a healthy plant-based diet that's rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and healthy fats.
Maintain a healthy weight. If you are overweight or obese, reduce the number of calories you eat each day and get more exercise. If you have a healthy weight, work to maintain it by choosing a healthy diet and exercising.
Exercise. Exercise most days of the week. Get an OK from your doctor first if you haven't been exercising regularly.

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