50 multiple-choice questions of 1. Which of the following is a primary energy source for cells?

1. Which of the following is a primary energy source for cells?
A) Water
B) Oxygen
C) Glucose
D) ATP
Answer: C) Glucose

2. Where does the digestion of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates initially occur?
A) Liver
B) Gut
C) Mitochondria
D) Lysosomes
Answer: B) Gut

3. What is glucose converted into in the mitochondria for energy production?
A) ATP
B) Fatty acids
C) Amino acids
D) Acetyl-CoA
Answer: D) Acetyl-CoA

4. Fats are broken down into which of the following molecules for energy?
A) Glucose
B) Amino acids
C) Fatty acids
D) Ketones
Answer: C) Fatty acids

5. Which organs can utilize both glucose and fatty acids for energy?
A) Kidneys and lungs
B) Brain and heart
C) Muscle and heart
D) Liver and stomach
Answer: C) Muscle and heart

6. During starvation, what energy source can the brain use aside from glucose?
A) Fatty acids
B) Ketone bodies
C) Amino acids
D) ATP
Answer: B) Ketone bodies

7. Which type of fatty acid requires carnitine to enter the mitochondria?
A) Short-chain fatty acids
B) Medium-chain fatty acids
C) Long-chain fatty acids
D) Ketones
Answer: C) Long-chain fatty acids

8. What is the role of carnitine in fat metabolism?
A) Breaking down glucose
B) Converting proteins to fats
C) Transporting long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria
D) Synthesizing carbohydrates
Answer: C) Transporting long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria

9. Medium-chain fatty acids can be found in which of the following?
A) Coconut oil
B) Olive oil
C) Butter
D) Fish oil
Answer: A) Coconut oil

10. What is a key benefit of medium-chain fatty acids compared to long-chain fatty acids?
A) They require no carnitine for mitochondrial entry.
B) They are stored more efficiently.
C) They increase fat reserves.
D) They reduce glucose utilization.
Answer: A) They require no carnitine for mitochondrial entry.

11. What is a primary metabolic product of short-chain fatty acids?
A) ATP
B) Glucose
C) Proteins
D) Glycogen
Answer: A) ATP

12. Which condition results from the body’s inability to metabolize long-chain fatty acids?
A) Anorexia nervosa
B) Ketosis
C) Carnitine deficiency
D) Cachexia
Answer: C) Carnitine deficiency

13. What metabolic process occurs during starvation when the body runs out of glucose?
A) Glycolysis
B) Fatty acid breakdown
C) Protein synthesis
D) ATP production from glucose
Answer: B) Fatty acid breakdown

14. What can result from excessive ketone production?
A) Glucose synthesis
B) Fatty acid depletion
C) Ketoacidosis
D) Ketone deficiency
Answer: C) Ketoacidosis

15. High-fat diets can overwhelm mitochondria and lead to the production of what?
A) Glucose
B) Ketone bodies
C) Amino acids
D) Oxygen
Answer: B) Ketone bodies

16. What type of diet can lead to ketosis?
A) High-protein
B) High-fat
C) High-carbohydrate
D) Low-fat
Answer: B) High-fat

17. Carnitine deficiency is most likely to occur in which of the following groups?
A) Elderly patients
B) Pre-term babies
C) Adults on a high-fat diet
D) Patients with diabetes
Answer: B) Pre-term babies

18. Which symptom is NOT associated with carnitine deficiency?
A) Muscle weakness
B) Seizures
C) Weight gain
D) Fat accumulation
Answer: C) Weight gain

19. Zellweger syndrome is an example of what type of disorder?
A) Mitochondrial disorder
B) Peroxisomal disorder
C) Lysosomal disorder
D) Endoplasmic disorder
Answer: B) Peroxisomal disorder

20. Which disorder results from the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids?
A) Cystic fibrosis
B) X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) Gaucher's disease
Answer: B) X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy

21. What cellular organelle is responsible for degrading unwanted materials using enzymes?
A) Mitochondria
B) Lysosomes
C) Proteosomes
D) Endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: B) Lysosomes

22. Tay-Sachs disease is caused by a deficiency in what type of enzyme?
A) Proteosome enzyme
B) Glycolytic enzyme
C) Lysosomal enzyme
D) Mitochondrial enzyme
Answer: C) Lysosomal enzyme

23. What is the primary function of proteosomes in the cell?
A) Energy production
B) Breaking down glucose
C) Degrading misfolded or damaged proteins
D) Fat synthesis
Answer: C) Degrading misfolded or damaged proteins

24. Which of the following diseases involves the degradation of defective proteins like the chloride channel protein?
A) Cystic fibrosis
B) Zellweger syndrome
C) X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
D) Tay-Sachs disease
Answer: A) Cystic fibrosis

25. Which drug is used to inhibit proteosome function in cancer treatment?
A) Velcade
B) Insulin
C) Aspirin
D) Metformin
Answer: A) Velcade

26. Excessive ketones can lead to which condition?
A) Hyperglycemia
B) Hypertension
C) Ketoacidosis
D) Hypotension
Answer: C) Ketoacidosis

27. Medium-chain fatty acids are often recommended for patients with which condition?
A) Heart disease
B) Epilepsy
C) Diabetes
D) Anemia
Answer: B) Epilepsy