Скачать или смотреть 🦴 Human Skeletal System | JOINTS | Fibrous Joints | Cartilaginous Joints | Synovial Joints |

🦴Human Skeletal System | JOINTS | Fibrous Joints | Cartilaginous Joints | Synovial Joints |
This lecture covers the Human Skeletal System in detail, designed especially for medical students preparing for Anatomy.
📌 Topics included:
Joints are classified in two ways: structurally (based on the type of tissue connecting the bones) and functionally (based on the amount of movement allowed). The three structural types are fibrous (immovable, e.g., skull sutures), cartilaginous (slightly movable, e.g., vertebrae), and synovial (freely movable, e.g., knee). Synovial joints are further divided into types based on their movement, such as hinge, ball and socket, pivot, saddle, condyloid, and plane.
Structural Classification
This classification is based on the type of tissue that connects the bones:
Fibrous Joints: Bones are joined by dense, tough connective tissue, allowing little to no movement.
Examples: Sutures in the skull, where bones are fused, and the syndesmosis (e.g., between tibia and fibula).
Cartilaginous Joints: Bones are connected by cartilage, allowing for some slight movement.
Examples: Intervertebral discs between vertebrae and the pubic symphysis in the pelvis.
Synovial Joints: These are freely movable joints with a fluid-filled space called a synovial cavity, enclosed by a fibrous capsule.
Examples: Elbow, knee, shoulder, and hip joints.
Functional Classification
This classification is based on the amount of motion allowed by the joint:
Synarthroses: Immovable joints (e.g., fibrous joints like the skull).
Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable joints (e.g., cartilaginous joints like the vertebrae).
Diarthroses: Freely movable joints (e.g., all synovial joints).
Types of Synovial Joints (Subtypes of Diarthroses)
Synovial joints can be further categorized by the type of movement they permit:
Hinge Joint: Allows movement in one plane, like a door.
Examples: Knee and elbow joints.
Ball and Socket Joint: A rounded bone fits into a cup-like depression, allowing movement in many directions.
Examples: Shoulder and hip joints.
Pivot Joint: A cylindrical bone rotates within a ring of another bone.
Example: The joint in the neck that allows your head to turn from side to side.
Condyloid Joint: An oval-shaped bone fits into an oval-shaped socket, allowing movement in two planes but not rotation.
Examples: Wrist and the joints at the base of the fingers.
Saddle Joint: Bones have a saddle-like shape, allowing for movement in many directions but not full rotation.
Example: The joint at the base of the thumb.
Plane Joint (Gliding Joint): Flat, articulating surfaces of bones glide or slide over each other.
Examples: Joints between the carpal bones of the wrist and between