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Controlled Flight Into Terrain-A Killer
When An Airworthy Aircraft Or Helicopter Under The Command Of A Qualified Pilot Is Inadvertently Or Without Prior Knowledge Is Flown Into Terrain, Obstructions And Water, Is Called CFIT.
Most Of The CFIT Accidents Are Fatal And Almost Always A Pilot Error.
Prevention of CFIT
Proper planning and preparation for the flight is of paramount importance for the safe and efficient conduct of the flight.
Both the Pilots must Plan and Prepare for the flight individually and discuss the plans jointly.
During Planning, the Pilots must carry out the Terrain Analysis and confirm the minimum Enroute Altitude, Minimum off route Altitude, Grid Minimum off route Altitude, Minimum Safe Altitude and minimum descent altitude in addition to the knowledge about the Restricted, danger and prohibited areas.
Pilots must have good knowledge about the terrain and obstructions in the Take Off and Approach path of the Runway/Helipad and in the area 10 Km around the Airport and Helipad.
Next import aspect during planning and preparation is the need to know about the weather conditions and trend at the Departure, enroute and destination Airport/Helipad.
Pilots must Plan and prepare to conduct comprehensive pre-flight, pre descent and Approach briefing of the crew covering the aspects about weather, terrain, obstructions, type of take off, approach, runway condition, winds and division of duties and responsibilities between Captain and Co Pilot/First Officer.
Captain and Co Pilot or First Officer should have good knowledge about the:-
Aircraft, Helicopter, and their systems.
Avionics, Nav Aids on board.
Approach and let down charts, Jeppesen charts.
Weather Radar.
Flight Management System, Automatic Flight Control System.
SOP’s, Rules, Regulations.
Spatial disorientation, Visual Illusions.
Situational Awareness.
Recovery from unusual attitudes and wind shear.
Stable approach and missed approach procedure.
Take off and Go Around Mode switch.
SIDS and STAR’s.
ILS Approaches.
Visual and Non Precision CDFA approaches.
Pilots should always keep in mind the Golden Rule in Aviation-
Aviate.
Navigate.
Communicate.
Manage.
The top most priority should be given to the first Golden Rule that is Aviate-Pilots need to keep the Aircraft /Helicopter under control with reference to its flight path.
It should not happen that both the Pilots get fixated on some other activity and no one is flying or monitoring.
Make sure that one Pilot is always flying and/or monitoring.
Pilots should Be Situationally Aware, particularly, Horizontal and Vertical situational awareness, at all times and should know your capabilities and limitations.
Pilots should be very careful in entering data into Computers, FMS, AFCS, GPS etc. and selection of correct frequencies must be ensured and cross checked.
Correct Altimeter setting must be entered and ensure cross check and call outs between Captain and Co Pilot.
Changes in clearances should be fully understood before accepting and implementing.
Being cleared to a lower altitude should never be understood as a clearance to descend prematurely below the charted sector or segment minimum safe altitude.
Pilots should be prepared and committed to go-around if the conditions for a safe approach and landing are not met.
In IMC or at night, immediately respond to any GPWS / TAWS warning.
In response to any GPWS / TAWS warning, monitor vertical speed and radio altitude for terrain clearance and barometric altitude for a minimum safe altitude.
Non adherence to published missed-approach procedure when going around.
Incorrect identification of expected visual references that is absence of crosscheck with raw data during an instrument approach procedures or during night.
Starting a second approach in IMC without understanding why the GPWS / TAWS was activated on the first approach.
Keep open atmosphere in the cockpit where crew members are free to give inputs, particularly related to safety of the aircraft/helicopter without any hesitation, fear, apprehension, snubbing or reprisals.
The Co Pilot should be given freedom to be assertive and encouraged by Captain to correct or caution the Captain and even take over control if the Captain continues the approach in spite of the approach being unstable or without sighting the runway or any of the runway clues at MDA/MD(H).
Controlled Flight into Terrain is a Killer.
Lack of knowledge, planning , preparations ,briefing, CRM , Situational Awareness , appreciation of weather and Assertiveness on the part of the Co Pilot.
Supervision and monitoring of flying operations by Accountable Managers, Chief Operations Officers, Chief Pilots of aircraft and helicopters particularly belonging to NSOP, State Govt and Private operator’s needs to be improved.
Effective implementation of SMS which improve Company Safety culture, must be ensured.
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