Скачать или смотреть CLASS 12 COLD WAR ERA का REVISION 5 मिनट में POLITICAL SCIENCE

CLASS XII (POLIITCAL SCIENCE) 2020-21
Chapter 1: The Cold War Era
By SIMRAN SAHNI YOUTUBE



What is Cold war?
Ans. The Cold War referred to the competition, the tensions and a series of confrontations between the United States
and Soviet Union, backed by their respective allies.

. What do you mean by Cuban Missile Crises?
Ans. -In April 1961, the leaders of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) were worried that the United
States of America (USA) would invade communist-ruled Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro, the president of the
small island nation off the coast of the United States. Cuba was an ally of the Soviet Union and received both
diplomatic and financial aid from it.
-Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union, decided to convert Cuba into a Russian base. In 1962, he placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. The installation of these weapons put the US, for the first time, under fire from close range and nearly doubled the number of bases or cities in the American mainland which could be threatened by the USSR. –
-After 3 weeks, the Americans became aware of it. The US President, John F. Kennedy, ordered American
warships to intercept any Soviet ships heading to Cuba as a way of warning the USSR of his seriousness. Thisclash is known as Cuban missile crises.
The prospects of this clash made the whole world nervous, for it would have been no ordinary war. Eventually,
to the world’s great relief, both sides decided to avoid war. The Soviet ships slowed down and turned back.
The Cuban Missile Crisis was a high point of the Cold War.।


Why did the Cold War remain cold not hot?
Ans. Logic of Deterrence means both sides have the capacity to react against an attack and to cause so muchdestruction that neither can afford to initiate war. The deterrence relationship prevents war but not the rivalry between powers.

The Cold War produced an arms race as well as arms control. What were the reasons for both these
development?

Ans. The Cold War produced an arms race as well as arms control.
1. Cuban Missile Crisis engaged both of them (superpowers) in the development of nuclear weapons to influence the
world.
2. US dropped nuclear bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki with the intention to stop Soviet Union from making military and political gains in Asia.
3. Both the powers were not ready to initiate a war because they knew that destruction from these will not justify any gain for them.
4. Both the powers were to be rational and responsible being restraint and avoiding risk of another world war to
ensure human survival.
5. Hence, both the superpowers decided to limiting certain kinds of nuclear various significant agreements within a
decade i.e. limited Test Ban Treaty, Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, Anti-Ballistic, missile treaty etc.

When and why did India sign the twenty-year ‘Treaty of Peace and Friendship’ with the Soviet Union?
Ans. India signed the twenty years ‘Treaty of Peace and Friendship’ with the Soviet Union in 1971 in order to counter
the US-Pakistan, China axis. This treaty assumed India of Soviet support if the country forced any attack.

Why has India refused to sign the CTBT like NPT? Hits

Ans. India has refused to sign the Treaty on the grounds that the CTBT, like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
(NPT), is discriminatory. India has opposed the International treaties aimed at non-proliferation since they were selectively applicable to the non-nuclear powers and legitimized the monopoly of five nuclear powers. Thus, India has
refused to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). While endorsing the spirit of test-ban and self-imposed
moratorium on tests, India has said it would join the treaty only if there was no discrimination in favour of the five
‘nuclear weapon states’ in fulfilling the obligations for complete elimination of nuclear weapons.

Write a short Note on the arenas of the Cold War?
Ans. a) Arenas means the area where crisis and war occurred or threatened to occur between the alliance systems
but did not cross certain limits and there was no nuclear war or world hostilities.
b) Arenas of the Cold War were as given below :
i) The Cuban Missile crisis took place in 1962.
ii) The two superpowers came into direct confrontations in Korea (1950-53), Berlin (1958-62) and the Congo (The
Early 1960s).

Mention some objectives of NAM.
Ans. The other important objectives of the NAM are the following:
To eliminate all those causes which could lead to war.
To protect the nascent freedom of the new-born independent countries of Asia and Africa from colonial
domination.
To oppose colonialism imperialism and racial discrimination.
To advocate sovereign equality of all states.
To encourage friendly relations among countries.
To advocate peaceful settlement of international disputes.
To oppose the use of force and the use of nuclear weapons.