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Tribal Welfare Activities in India
The Government through its Depart¬ment of Tribal Welfare and through its Five-Year Plan has been trying to elevate the Tribals from the state of ignorance, illiteracy and poverty.
Some of the tribal welfare measures of the Government are as follows:
1. Constitutional Safeguards:
The Constitution of India has made various provisions to safeguard the interests of the Tribals.
Educational, Economic and Public Employment-related Safeguards
15 Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
16 Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
19 Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
46 Promotion of Educational and Economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections
335 Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts
Political Safeguards
330 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People
332 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States
334 Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after sixty years
243D Reservation of seats (in Panchayats)
243T Reservation of seats in municipality
Agency for monitoring safeguards
338A National Commission for Scheduled Tribe
2. Committees and Commissions:
In addition to the constitutional provisions mentioned above, the government appoints committees, commissions and study teams from time to time to look into the way in which the target groups are making use of the constitutional provisions, the problems faced by them and to suggest measures for further improvement.
3. Economic Programs and Facilities:
Majority of the Tribals are extremely poor and economically backward. Various economic programs and projects have been undertaken to improve their economic situation.
• Development through Five-Year Plans:
o Integrated Tribal Development Projects [ITDPs] evolved for the tribal development during the 5th plan [1974-79] cover today 19 states/union territories and 374 lakh tribal populations.
o Specific objectives set forth under the tribal sub-plan strategy were: 1. raising production in the field of agriculture, small industries, horticulture and animal husbandry; (ii) elimination of ex¬ploitation of Tribals in money lending, bondage, forest, liquor vending, etc.; (iii) development of education and training programs; (iv) development of tribal areas; (v) upgradation of environ¬ment of tribal areas.
• Establishment of “LAMPS” : Large-sized Multi-Purpose’ Co-operative Societies are established in the tribal areas for giving productive and unproductive loans, for sale of surplus produce and purchase of necessities of life to the tribal people. These societies are striving to relieve the Tribals from the exploi¬tation of middlemen, contractors and money-lenders.
• Encouragement to Crafts and Home Industries: Encouragement is given to the existing crafts and home industries among the Tribals and such new endeavors are also encouraged. Ex¬ample:
o In West Bengal, Tribals are encouraged to develop silk industry.
o A training institute is established in Darjeeling to give proper training to those engaged in sericulture.
• Agriculture made Stable: The Tribals are persuaded to give up their system of “shifting cultivation” and to settle permanently in a place of their selection by making agriculture their profession.
3. Educational Facilities
Measures to provide educational facilities to the S.T. have been taken by the Government. Schools are established in tribal areas. Education up to 10th standard has been made completely free for them.
The students belonging to S.T. are getting various concessions such as free tuition, stipends, scholarships, free supply of text books, stationery and other equipments. In some places mid-day meals are also supplied.
4. Medical Facilities:
Various medical facilities have been provided for the Tribals in the tribal areas. In some places, hospitals are established and in many places mobile hospital facilities have been provided. Many preventive and curative measures to combat the diseases like malaria, forest fever, typhoid, small pox, skin diseases etc. are undertaken.
6. Role of Voluntary Organizations:
The tribal welfare is not the concern of the government alone. Private organizations and indi¬viduals interested in the task of tribal upliftment must also be given due encouragement. Organizations such as — Sri Ramakrishna Mission, Vanavasi Kalyanashrama, the Rashtreeya Swayam Sevaka Sangha and a number of Chris¬tian Missionary Organizations are already working in the field.