Chapter four discusses Environmental Injuries and Illnesses. The first lesson in this chapter is Bites and Stings. This lesson discusses the signs and symptoms of bites as well as stings. Often, treatment varies on a case-by-case basis, with specific examples given in the lesson. Medical attention is required in some instances.
Insect bites and stings are a common and an annoying occurrence. Most bites are minor but the potential for a serious allergic reaction does exist.
Signs and symptoms of a serious reaction consist of nausea or vomiting, severe pain at the site, abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, muscle rigidity, headache, and decreased responsiveness. If any of these signs or symptoms occur, immediately call 911/EMS.
The black widow spider bite is known to cause severe abdominal pain that can mimic appendicitis in children.
Signs of tick-borne disease include fever, headache, joint pain, and skin rash. To remove an attached tick, grasp it by the head with tweezers and pull straight out. Clean the area with soap and water or an alcohol swab. If the tick bite occurred in a geographic area where the tick-borne disease occurs, seek medical treatment for possible prophylactic antibiotic therapy.
Seek medical treatment for “bull’s eye” rash produced by Lyme disease.
For bee stingers, remove it by scraping it away. Wash the area with cold water and apply ice. Stay with the individual for at least 30 minutes as some allergic reactions can be delayed in onset.
A bite from an animal, such as a raccoon, bat, skunk fox, or coyote, carries the highest risk of rabies. Always make sure that the scene is safe when providing first aid to someone with an animal bite. Contact the emergency response system as an animal control officer may be able to capture the animal and determine the risk of rabies. To care for the animal bite, clean the wound with soap and water, and control bleeding by applying direct pressure. Animal bites are prone to infection and can cause further injury due to the puncture nature of the wound. Seek medical care by a qualified health care professional for any bite that breaks the skin, or if there is concern about rabies or other infection.
Snakebites also require medical attention. As the pain gets worse, swelling occurs, bruising develops, or systemic signs (nausea and vomiting) develop in case of a venomous snakebite, call 911/EMS immediately, and do not delay medical attention. Make sure the scene is safe, and the snake is no longer a threat. Keep the individual calm and try to avoid moving the extremity that was bitten. Remove any constricting clothing and jewelry from the affected area. Gently wash the affected area with soap and water if available. Do not apply a tourniquet. Additional care should be sought in a hospital setting.
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