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In Chapter 5: Pressure and Deformation, we will study the concept of pressure, its calculation, and its applications in fluids and atmospheric conditions. We'll explore Pascal’s Law and how it is applied in hydraulic machines. Additionally, we'll learn about deformation, stress, strain, and Hooke’s Law, along with the elastic and plastic behavior of materials. Practical examples and applications of these concepts will also be discussed.
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Related Keywords
Introduction to Pressure
Definition of pressure
Units of pressure (Pascal)
Relationship between force, area, and pressure
Pressure in Fluids

Pascal’s Law
Explanation of Pascal’s law: Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.
Mathematical expression of Pascal’s law.
Examples and applications of Pascal’s law (hydraulic press, hydraulic brakes, etc.)
Atmospheric Pressure

Concept of atmospheric pressure
Variation of pressure with altitude
Effects of atmospheric pressure
Hydraulic Machines

Principle of hydraulic systems based on Pascal's law
Applications of hydraulic machines (e.g., car lifts, hydraulic brakes)
Deformation

Elasticity, stress, and strain
Different types of stress (tensile, compressive, shear)
Hooke’s Law

Relation between force and extension in springs
Mathematical expression of Hooke’s law
Spring constant and its significance
Elastic Limit and Plastic Behavior

Difference between elastic and plastic deformation
Concepts of elastic limit and yield point
Applications of Elastic Materials

Use of elastic materials in engineering (bridges, buildings)
Everyday applications of elastic materials (springs, rubber bands)