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Data centers vary in size, from a small server room to a cluster of geographically distributed buildings, but they all share one thing in common: they are a critical business asset where companies often invest in and deploy the latest advances in data center networking, compute, and storage technologies.
The modern data center has evolved from a facility that houses on-premises infrastructure to one that integrates on-premises systems with cloud infrastructure, where networks, applications, and workloads are virtualized across multiple private and public clouds.
Enterprise data centers are typically built and used by a single organization for their own internal purposes. They are common among tech giants.
Colocation data centers operate as a type of rental property, where the space and resources of a data center are made available to individuals willing to rent them.
Managed service data centers provide data storage, computing, and other services to a third party, serving customers directly.
Cloud data centers are distributed and sometimes provided to customers with the help of a third-party managed service provider.
The evolution from data center to cloud
A major reason for moving to the cloud is that a virtual cloud DC can be provisioned or scaled-down with just a few clicks. In modern data centers, software-defined networking (SDN) manages traffic flows through software. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) offerings, hosted on private and public clouds, spin up entire systems on demand. When new apps are needed, Platform as a Service (PaaS) and container technologies are readily available.
More companies are moving to the cloud, but some are not so keen on it. In 2019, it was reported that for the first time, organizations paid more annually for cloud infrastructure services than they paid for physical hardware. However, according to an Uptime Institute survey, 58% of organizations say that the lack of visibility, transparency, and accountability of public cloud services is holding back many workloads in corporate data centers.
Data Center Architecture Components
Data centers are made up of three basic types of components: compute, storage, and network. However, these components are only the tip of the iceberg in a modern DC. Beneath the surface, an enterprise data center needs supporting infrastructure to meet its service level agreements.
Data Center Computing
Servers are the engines of the data center. On servers, the processing and memory used to run applications may be physical, virtualized, distributed in containers, or distributed across remote nodes in an edge computing model. Data centers should use processors that are best suited to the task, e.g. general-purpose CPUs may not be the best choice for solving artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) problems.
Data Center Storage
Data centers host large amounts of sensitive information for their own purposes and for the needs of their customers. Reducing storage media costs increases the amount of storage available to back up data locally, remotely, or both. Advances in non-volatile storage media reduce data access times. Additionally, like anything else that is software-defined, software-defined storage technologies increase the ability of staff to manage the storage system.
Data Center Networks
Datacenter network equipment includes cabling, switches, routers, and firewalls that connect servers to each other and to the outside world. Properly configured and structured, they can handle high volumes of traffic without compromising performance. A typical three-tier network topology consists of an aggregation layer connecting the core layer to the access layer, which houses the core switches and servers at the edge that connect the data center to the Internet. Advancements such as hyperscale network security and software-defined networking bring cloud-level agility and scalability to on-premises networks.
Data Center Support Infrastructure
Data centers are a critical asset that is protected by a robust and reliable support infrastructure that includes electrical subsystems, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), backup generators, ventilation and cooling equipment, fire suppression systems, and building security systems.
There are industry standards from organizations such as the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and the Uptime Institute to help guide the design, construction, and management of data center facilities. For example, the Uptime Institute defines these four levels:
Tier I: Basic capability, must include a UPS.
Tier II: High capability and adds more power and cooling.
Tier III: Concurrently manageable and ensures that any component can be removed from service without affecting production.
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