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Spatial joins are a fundamental operation in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) where you combine attributes from one spatial dataset to another based on their spatial relationship. Think of it like a regular table join in a database, but instead of joining based on a shared key or ID, you're joining based on location.

Example Use Case
You have:
• A point layer of hospitals
• A polygon layer of states
You can perform a spatial join to assign each hospital to the state it's located in, then you can summarize things like:
• Number of hospitals per state
• Average distance of hospitals to state capital

What are "Target" and "Join" Features in Spatial Joins?
When you perform a spatial join, you're combining data from two spatial layers based on their geographic relationship. To do that, you need to identify:
Term Meaning
Target Features The layer that will receive new attributes (the main layer you're working with).
Join Features The layer you're pulling attribute data from, based on spatial location.

The "match option" is key to how features from the target and join layers relate during the join.