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Hydrogen is a valuable gas as a clean energy source and as feedstock for some industries. Therefore, demand on hydrogen production has increased considerably in recent years. Electrolysis of water, steam reforming of hydrocarbon and auto-thermal processes are well-known methods for hydrogen gas production, but not cost-effective due to high energy requirements. Biological production of hydrogen gas has significant advantages over chemical methods. The major biological processes utilized for hydrogen gas production are bio-photolysis of water by algae, dark and photo-fermentation of organic materials, usually carbohydrates by bacteria. Sequential dark and photo-fermentation process is a rather new approach for bio-hydrogen production. One of the major problems in dark and photo-fermentative hydrogen production is the raw material cost. Carbohydrate rich, nitrogen deficient solid wastes such as cellulose and starch containing agricultural and food industry wastes and some food industry wastewaters such as cheese whey, olive mill and bakers yeast industry wastewaters can be used for hydrogen production by using suitable bio-process technologies. Utilization of aforementioned wastes for hydrogen production provides inexpensive energy generation with simultaneous waste treatment. This review article summarizes bio-hydrogen production from some waste materials. Types of potential waste materials, bio-processing strategies, microbial cultures to be used, bio-processing conditions and the recent developments are discussed with their relative advantages.

biohydrogen (H2) which is now projected as clean energy, since harnessed by biological means with high energy content; it finds the application on a broader scale. Recently, the employment of sustainable energy origins for generating biohydrogen has gained traction worldwide. Biohydrogen sourced from organic resources mainly of waste origins promises to provide sustainable energy in comparison with its other counterparts. The current work spotlights the various waste materials sourced for the generation of biohydrogen, bio-processing approaches, various microbes involved, conditions, factors, various relative advantages, and challenges. Diversities in biohydrogen processes such as utilizing different waste materials and biomass as raw material, probed akin to their chattels in the environment, bioreactor operative factors (temperature, pH, and partial pressure) are summarized. In this article, we have pursued to explicate the major hurdles confronted while procuring biohydrogen as a profit-making proposition by creating an appraisal of its improved role, also taking into account the diverse mechanism and procedures, while assessing its future perspectives.
biological hydrogen production.
the fuel of future.
#biohydrogen#green_energy#hydrogen#fermentation