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The Schools of Art in Ancient India
The Buddhism spread greatly during the first and second centuries, had spurred a renewed artistic passionate to illustrate the enlightened message of Buddhism. During this prolific time emerged three main “schools” in India that had developed their own particular styles and distinctions. These were the Gandhara, Mathura, and Amaravati schools.

Gandhara School
Period, Place and Patrons – It flourished from about the middle of the first century BC to about the fifth century AD in the Gandhara region (north-western India) and hence known as the ‘Gandhara School’. It owed its origin to the Indo-Greek rulers, but the real patrons of the school were the sakas and the Kushanas, especially Kanishka. ‘Graeco-Buddhist School’.
Gandhara Sculpturs – Specimens of Gandhara sculpture have been found extensively in the ruins of Taxila and the various ancient sites in Afghanistan and north-western India.
1. A tendency to mould the human body in a realistic manner with great attention to accuracy of physical details
2. The representation of thick drapery with large and bold fold lines; and
3. Rich carving, elaborate ornamentation and complex symbolism.
Gandhara Architecture excelled mainly during the construction of monasteries and stupas.
Buddhist Monasteries – A very large number of Buddhist monasteries were built in the early centuries of the Christian era. Ruins of about 15 monasteries have been found in the neighbourhood of Peshawar and Rawalpindi, while in the Kabul valley alone there are some 50 examples.
Buddhist Stupas – The Graeco-Roman architectural impact modified the structure of the stupa.The height of the stupa was raised enormously by elevating it on a high platform and by elongating its main body upwards.
Mathura School
Period and Place – The school of art that developed at Mathura (UP) has been called the ‘Mathura School’. Its origin has been traced back first century AD when its genuine progress began. The artists of Mathura used the spotted red sandstone for making images. Though the Mathura school owed much to
Adaptations of :
the earlier Indian traditions (Bharhut, Gaya and Sanchi), it also borrowed from the Gandhara school and adopted more than one Graeco-Roman motif.
Jaina Images – In its early phase, the Mathura school was probably inspired by Jainism as we find that many fig ures of cross-legged naked tirthankaras in meditation were carved by Mathura craftsmen.
Buddhist Images – The early Buddhas and Bodhisattvas of the Mathura school are fleshy figures with little spirituality about them, but later they developed in grace and religious feeling.
Brahmanical Images – The Mathura artists also carved out images of Brahmanical divinities. Popular Brahmanical gods, Siva and Vishnu, were represented alone and sometimes with their consorts, Parvati and Lakshmi respectively. Images of many other Brahmanical deities were also faithfully executed in stone.
Female Figures – The most striking remains are the beautiful female figures of yaksinis, naginis and apsaras. These richly jewelled ladies, stand in pert attitudes reminiscent of the Indus dancing girl.
Royal Statues – Most of the Kushana royal statues were found at the village of Mat (near Mathura) where the Kushana kings had a winter palace, with a chapel in which the memory of former monarchs and princes were revered. Almost all the figures have been broken by the rulers of the succeeding dynasties, and that of the great Kanishka, the most striking of the statues, unfortunately lacks its head.

Amaravati School
Period and Place – In the region between the lower valleys of the Krishna and Godavari, which became an important centre of Buddhism at least as early as the second century BC, a separate school of art, known as the ‘Amaravati School’, flourished.
Buddhists Statues.

ancient art schools in india, art schools by Buddhism, buddhism schools in india

Secular Statues – Amaravati artists created beautiful human images, which outnumber those of religious nature. The figures and images of males and
Significance – The Amaravati school had a profound influence on surrounding schools of art. Its products were carried to Ceylon and Southeast Asian countries and had a marked effect on the indigenous styles. Its influence on later south Indian sculpture is also very evident.



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