History of Stoneage People and History of Human, மனிதர்கள் உருவான வரலாறு
Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)
Lower Paleolithic (c. 3.3 million years ago - 300,000 years ago)
Hominin Evolution: The Lower Paleolithic marks the appearance of the earliest hominins, including species like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, and later Homo erectus.
Tool Use: The earliest stone tools, known as Oldowan tools, were simple stone flakes and choppers used by Homo habilis. Later, Acheulean tools, including handaxes, were developed by Homo erectus.
Middle Paleolithic (c. 300,000 - 30,000 years ago)
Neanderthals and Early Homo sapiens: This period saw the rise of Neanderthals in Europe and Asia, as well as the emergence of early Homo sapiens in Africa.
Mousterian Tools: Associated with Neanderthals, these tools were more sophisticated than earlier ones, including flake tools made using the Levallois technique.
Upper Paleolithic (c. 50,000 - 10,000 years ago)
Modern Homo sapiens: Fully modern humans spread across the globe during this period, replacing or interbreeding with local archaic populations.
Cultural Developments: There was a significant increase in cultural complexity, including cave paintings (e.g., Lascaux), sculptures (e.g., Venus figurines), and elaborate burial practices.
Advanced Tools: Tools became more varied and specialized, including blades, bone tools, and composite tools.
Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) (c. 10,000 - 5,000 BCE)
Transition to Agriculture: The Mesolithic is characterized by the gradual transition from hunter-gatherer societies to settled agricultural communities.
Microliths: Stone tools became smaller and more refined, often used as part of composite tools like arrows and harpoons.
Environmental Changes: As the Ice Age ended, humans adapted to changing environments, exploiting a wider range of resources, including fishing and forest-based hunting.
Neolithic (New Stone Age) (c. 10,000 - 3,000 BCE)
Agricultural Revolution: The development of agriculture allowed for the establishment of permanent settlements, leading to the growth of villages and the rise of complex societies.
Domestication: Plants like wheat, barley, and rice, as well as animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle, were domesticated.
Technological Advances: Pottery, weaving, and polished stone tools (e.g., sickles and grinding stones) became widespread.
Social Structures: Increased food production led to population growth, social stratification, and the development of trade networks and early forms of governance.
Key Sites and Discoveries
Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania): Important for early hominin fossils and Oldowan tools.
Blombos Cave (South Africa): Evidence of early symbolic behavior and art by Homo sapiens.
Göbekli Tepe (Turkey): An archaeological site with some of the earliest known monumental architecture, predating agriculture.
Çatalhöyük (Turkey): One of the earliest and largest Neolithic settlements, providing insights into early urban life.
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Vaan Veli
Santhosh
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