Also available in English. Urine Analysis (Abnormal Constituent)= Detection of Sugar in Urine by Fehling's test (ENGLISH) • Urine Sugar Analysis | Detection of ...
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Theory
Urine is an excretory liquid waste, produced by a pair of a kidney, which needs to be eliminated from our body.
Properties Of Urine
1. It has a characteristic pale yellow colour.
2. The yellow colour is imparted by the yellow pigment known as urochrome.
3. The urine pH ranges from 4.6 to 8.
4. More than 95% of urine constitutes water.
Normal Constituents of Urine
Actually, normal urine is a highly complex aqueous solution of organic and inorganic substances. Urine consists of about 95-96% water. The most important nitrogenous organic substances present in urine are urea, uric acid and creatine. The other organic substances are oxalic acid and lactic acid. The principle inorganic constituents of urine are sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sulphates and phosphates.
Abnormal Constituents of Urine
The abnormal constituents of urine are sugar (glucose), ketone bodies, blood, protein and bile. Ordinarily, glucose (sugar) is absent in normal urine. But when the glucose level in blood exceeds the renal threshold of glucose (160 – 180 mg /dl), glucose starts to appear in urine. The presence of glucose in urine is called glucosuria and is usually an indication of diabetes mellitus.
PRINCIPLE OF TEST
Sugar presence in a sample of urine can be detected by performing the following two tests:
1. Benedict’s test
2. Fehling’s test
In Benedict’s test, Benedict’s solution is used as the reagent. Benedict’s reagent is a combination of sodium carbonate, sodium citrate and copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O).
In Fehling’s test, Fehling’s solution-A and Fehling’s solution-B are used as the reagents. Fehling’s solution-A is an aqueous solution of copper (II) sulphate, having blue colour, while Fehling’s solution-B is clear colourless aqueous solution of sodium potassium tartrate.
On boiling the urine sample with the reagents, the copper (II) sulphate (CuSO4) present in the Benedict’s solution and Fehling’s solution is reduced by the reducing agent, glucose (sugar), to form a coloured precipitate of cuprous oxide. Depending upon the concentration of glucose, green, yellow and brick red precipitates of cuprous oxide are formed. Below is the table showing the color sequence depending upon the concentration of glucose level.
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which blood sugar (glucose) levels are abnormally high because the body does not produce enough insulin to meet its needs.
Fehling’s Test Procedure
1. Take a clean and dried test tube.
2. Using the measuring cylinder, accurately measure 2ml of the given urine sample.
3. Pour the measured urine sample into the test tube.
4. Add accurately 2ml of Fehling’s solution A into the tube containing urine sample and shake well.
5. Add accurately 2ml of Fehling’s solution B into the same test tube and mix all the solution slowly.
6. Now fix the test tube holder, bring the test tube near the bunsen burner and allow it to heat for 2 minutes.
7. While it is heating, keep stirring the tube continuously
8. Notice the changes
Observation and Conclusion
Upon heating the sample, gradually, a green precipitate is formed in the test tube, which indicates the presence of sugar in the given urine sample. Different precipitates are formed depending upon the sugar concentration in urine which can be yellow, green, brick red.
For more information on urine, properties of urine, different test used to check the presence of sugar in urine and other related biological concepts and experiments,
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