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Invasion and Metastasis
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Invasion and metastasis are critical processes in cancer progression, allowing cancer cells to spread from the primary tumor to distant sites in the body. Invasion involves cancer cells breaking through the extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membranes by secreting proteolytic enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enabling them to infiltrate surrounding tissues. Following invasion, cancer cells can enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system through a process known as intravasation.
These circulating tumor cells (CTCs) travel through the body and, upon reaching distant organs, exit the vessels (extravasation) to form secondary tumors. Successful metastasis requires cancer cells to survive the journey, adapt to new environments, and induce angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, to supply the growing tumor. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing targeted therapies aimed at preventing cancer spread and improving patient outcomes.

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