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TIMESTAMPS
0:00 Introduction
03:47 Tribal Society
20:22 The Religious Landscape
39:31 Poetry and Oral Culture
58:38 Socio-Economic Conditions
01:24:19 Conclusion

REFERENCES
Al-Jahiliyyah and Tribal Society:
World Civilizations I – Pre-Islamic Arabia (Lumen Learning) – Overview of Arabian tribal structure and pre-Islamic life
→ courses.lumenlearning.com
Esposito, John L. Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices (Entry on Pre-Islamic Arabia) – Summary of tribal virtues and justice (group honor, vengeance)
→ africame.factsanddetails.com
Amin, Camelia. “Pre-Islamic Arab Social Structure” in History of Islam – Genealogy, murū’ah (manly virtue), and tribal customs
→ historyofislam.org
Jawad Ali. The History of the Arabs Before Islam (translated excerpts) – Tribal law, blood vengeance, and diya (blood-money) practices
→ reddit.com

Religious Landscape:
Religion in Pre-Islamic Arabia – Wikipedia article with scholarly references on Arabian deities, cults, and hanifs
→ en.wikipedia.org
Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Mecca – Religious situation in Arabia, Jews, Christians, and the hanif movement
Hanif – Encyclopaedia Britannica entry explaining the ḥanīf monotheists and examples like Waraqa ibn Nawfal
→ britannica.com
Ibn al-Kalbi. The Book of Idols (Kitāb al-Aṣnām) – 8th-century primary source on idol worship in Arabia

Poetry and Oral Culture:
Jones, Alan. Early Arabic Poetry – Analysis and translation of Mu‘allaqat and pre-Islamic poetic forms
Arabic Poetry – Wikipedia overview of pre-Islamic poetry and the Mu‘allaqāt tradition
→ en.wikipedia.org
Lyall, C. J. Translations of Ancient Arabian Poetry – English translations with contextual commentary
Stetkevych, Suzanne. The Mute Immortals Speak: Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual – Odes and their links to tribal values and rituals

Socio-Economic Conditions & Women:
Firestone, Reuven. “Trade and Economy in Pre-Islamic Mecca” in Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient – Meccan trade networks and Quraysh economic power
Mecca and Arabia in Muhammad’s Time – Overview of commercial status and Byzantine–Persian rivalry
→ africame.factsanddetails.com
Women in Pre-Islamic Arabia – Wikipedia entry on legal status, notable women, and practices like female infanticide
→ en.wikipedia.org
Ahmad, Leila. Women and Gender in Islam – Historical background on women in Arabia pre-Islam and the changes Islam brought
Guillaume, Alfred. Islam (“The Times of Ignorance” chapter) – Social conditions, slavery, and moral climate before Islam

Primary Islamic Sources for Jāhiliyyah:
The Qur’an – Surahs 16, 53, 81, 90, 107 reference pre-Islamic practices like idol worship and female infanticide
Ibn Hisham. Sirat Rasul Allah (The Life of the Prophet) – Early incidents like the Hilf al-Fuḍūl alliance and stories of the hanifs

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