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Description

Flight Data Recorder (FDR) - device used to record specific aircraft performance parameters. The purpose of an FDR is to collect and record data from a variety of aircraft sensors onto a medium designed to survive an accident.

An FDR has historically been one of two types of "flight recorder" carried on aircraft, the other being a cockpit voice recorder (CVR). Where both types of recorder are fitted, they are now sometimes combined into a single unit (ICAO Definition: Combination recorders). Combination recorders need to meet the flight recorder equipage requirements as specifically detailed in ICAO Annex 6 - Operation of Aircraft.

FDR

Figure 1: Flight Data Recorder, Source: http://www.ntsb.gov

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What material is the black box made of?

The outermost shell is a case made of hardened steel or titanium designed to survive intense impact and pressure damage.
The second layer is an insulation box while the third is a thermal block to protect against severe fire and heat.

Why do they call it a black box when it is orange?

The black box is a more general term for the Flight Data Recorder and the Cockpit Voice recorder of an Aircraft.
Coming to your question, these 'black' boxes are actually painted with a heat-resistant bright orange colour in order to make them easier to find in the wreckage resulting from the crash.

How many black boxes are on a plane?

Commercial aircraft tend to carry two 'black boxes' (as they are coloquially referred - actually they're bright orange to be easily visible at a crash site).
One is called the Flight Data Recorder and it carries record of all the planes data include speed, altitude, engine speed, air pressure etc

Effects of 1989 FAA Flight Data Recorder Rule Change
It also increased the number of parameter groups to a total of 11 from 6

Time.
Altitude.
Airspeed.
Vertical acceleration.
Heading.
Time of each radio transmission either to or from air traffic control.
Pitch attitude.
Roll attitude.
Longitudinal acceleration.
Control column or pitch control surface position.
Thrust of each engine.
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