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This Video Contains -
Polytechnic 1st Semester ( Jexpo 1st semester)
Free Online Class
Applied Chemistry
Chapter: Atomic Structure
John Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1803): An atom is the simplest integral particle of the matter that takes part in chemical reaction.

Rutherford’s Experiment (1911): Rutherford carried out his experiment by bombarding a very thin gold foil (0.0004 mm) with high speed α particles (He2+) emitted from Radium.
Observations:
1) Majority of α-particles continued their straight path without any deflection.
2) Some particles deflected from their path through large angles.
3) Very few of them returned (1 in 20,000) in opposite direction.

Conclusions:
1) The atom is largely an empty space, since most of α particles pass through the atom.
2) The fact that very few α particles returned in opposite direction, suggests that, whole of positive charge and mass is concentrated at the central point of negligible space called nucleus.
3) The negatively charged electrons remain outside of the nucleus at relatively large distance and are moving in orbits around the nucleus like planet around the sun.

Rutherford’s Atomic Model:
1) Nucleus: It is a small positively charged part of the atom. It is situated at the centre and carries almost entire mass of the atom. Nucleus contains neutrons and protons.
2) Extra Nuclear Part: This part is empty part of the atom. In this part electrons revolve at very high speed in fixed path, called orbits or shells.

Drawbacks of Rutherford Model: According to Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom, the electrons rotate around the positively charged nucleus in circular orbits- the attractive force of the nucleus being balanced by the centrifugal force due to rotation of the electrons.
But according to electromagnetic theory, a rotating electron continuously emits radiations and thereby, losses a part of its energy- the equilibrium between the nucleus and electrons is thus disturbed.
Besides, in the event of rotating electrons continuously, a continuous spectrum is expected to be given by an atom, but a discontinuous line spectrum is actually produced.

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