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Microrobots could also be used for minimally invasive surgery. Examples of surgical procedures that could be performed by a microrobot include opening of clogged vessels or other channels, cauterization, treatment of hyperthermia, biopsies, electrical stimulation, injection, cutting, drilling, or biomaterial removal . Several groups to date have investigated the use of integrated biopsy tools for capsule endoscopes to collect tissue samples for diagnostic purposes [48, 49]. Expansion of these capabilities into surgical microrobots would enable more precise targeting of sampling locations using a minimally invasive surgical system. Others have proposed magnetic robots that could be used to puncture or open clogs in blood vessels . To date, only a limited number of studies on the use of microrobots for minimally invasive surgery have been undertaken. However, as methods for propulsion and control have improved, microrobots could find a broad range of potential applications throughout the human body .
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