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The bandwidth of a semiconductor refers to its energy band gap, which is the energy difference between the valence band (where electrons are bound) and the conduction band (where electrons are free to move). In semiconductors, this band gap typically ranges between 0.1 to 2.5 eV, allowing electrons to jump from the valence to the conduction band when sufficient energy is supplied, such as through heat or light. Materials like silicon (1.1 eV) and germanium (0.66 eV) are commonly used due to their suitable band gaps. The size of the bandwidth determines the electrical conductivity and optical properties of the semiconductor. A smaller band gap leads to higher conductivity, while a larger band gap makes the material more resistive. Bandwidth plays a vital role in optoelectronics, solar cells, and semiconductor devices, where precise control over electron flow is essential for functionality and performance.