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C++ Operator Overloading: A Deep Dive with Examples

Operator overloading is a powerful feature in C++ that allows you to redefine the meaning of operators like `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `==`, `!=`, ``, ``, and more for user-defined data types (classes). This enables you to write code that feels more natural and intuitive, especially when working with complex objects.

*Why Use Operator Overloading?*

*Improved Readability:* Imagine adding two `ComplexNumber` objects together. `result = complex1 + complex2;` is much clearer than `result = complex1.add(complex2);`.
*Enhanced Code Maintainability:* Overloaded operators often make your code easier to understand and modify because they use familiar symbols.
*Custom Data Types Acting Like Built-in Types:* By overloading operators, you can make your custom classes behave more like built-in types such as `int`, `float`, and `string` in terms of how they can be manipulated.
*Simplified Mathematical Operations:* For mathematical objects like vectors, matrices, or complex numbers, operator overloading allows for concise and expressive code.

*Key Concepts*

1. *Function Name:* The name of an overloaded operator function is `operator` followed by the operator symbol. For example, `operator+`, `operator*`, `operator==`, etc.

2. *Syntax:* You can define overloaded operators as either:

*Member Functions:* These are defined within the class. The left-hand operand of the operator is implicitly the object for which the member function is called ( `this` pointer).
*Non-Member Functions (Friend Functions):* These are defined outside the class. They typically need to be declared as `friend` functions of the class if they need access to private or protected members. Both operands are passed as explicit arguments.

3. *Arity:* The arity of an operator (number of operands) must be preserved. You cannot overload a unary operator as a binary operator or vice versa.

4. **Precedence and Ass ...

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