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Max Retries Exceeded with URL in Requests: A Deep Dive and Solutions

The "Max retries exceeded with URL" error in the `requests` library in Python is a common issue that arises when your code fails to establish a connection with a target server after multiple attempts. It's essentially the `requests` library's way of telling you, "Hey, I've tried connecting to this website several times, and I still can't reach it. I'm giving up now!"

This tutorial will dissect this error, explore its common causes, and provide practical solutions with code examples to help you diagnose and resolve it effectively.

*Understanding the Error*

The full error message you typically encounter looks something like this:



Let's break down the key parts:

**`requests.exceptions.MaxRetryError`**: This indicates that the error originates from the `requests` library's retry mechanism.
**`HTTPSConnectionPool(host='example.com', port=443)`**: This tells you the target host and port the code was attempting to connect to. `HTTPS` indicates a secure connection on port 443 (the default for HTTPS). If it were an HTTP connection, you'd see `HTTPConnectionPool` and port 80.
**`Max retries exceeded with url: /`**: This confirms that the maximum number of retry attempts (by default, `requests` uses a few retries) has been reached for the specified URL (`/` in this case, meaning the root of the domain).
*`Caused by NewConnectionError(...)`**: This is the crucial part. It reveals the *underlying reason why the connection failed. The `NewConnectionError` indicates that the `requests` library was unable to establish an initial connection. The specific error message within the `NewConnectionError` provides more details.

*Common Causes*

Understanding the root causes is the first step towards fixing the "Max retries exceeded" error. Here's a breakdown of the most frequent culprits:

1. *Incorrect URL:* A simple typo in the URL is a very common source of this error. Double-check ...

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