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lua tutorial: function composition, closures, loops, and code examples

this tutorial provides a deep dive into function composition, closures, and loops in lua, illustrating these concepts with detailed explanations and practical code examples.

*i. function composition*

function composition is the act of combining two or more functions to produce a new function. this new function applies each function in a specific order, creating a pipeline of transformations. in essence, the output of one function becomes the input of the next.

*why use function composition?*

*readability:* breaks down complex operations into smaller, more manageable, and named functions.
*reusability:* individual functions can be reused in different compositions.
*maintainability:* easier to debug and modify individual functions than a monolithic block of code.
*declarative style:* focuses on what you want to achieve rather than *how*.

*implementation in lua:*

lua, being a dynamic and flexible language, allows for different approaches to function composition. here's a common and effective way:



*explanation:*

1. *`compose(...)` function:*
takes a variable number of functions as input using `...` (vararg).
`local functions = {...}`: creates a table `functions` containing all the input functions. this uses the vararg expression.
`local n = functions`: stores the number of functions passed.
returns an anonymous function*. this is the key to function composition. the `compose` function *returns a function.

2. *anonymous function:*
the anonymous function also takes a variable number of arguments (`...`). this allows it to handle the initial input for the composition.
`local result = {...}`: stores the initial arguments in the `result` table.
*`for i = n, 1, -1 do`**: this loop iterates *backwards through the `functions` table. this is essential for right-to-left application of the functions, which is the standard c ...

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