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Packet filtering: A basic firewall that inspects incoming and outgoing network packets individually, based on a simple set of rules like IP addresses and port numbers. It operates at the network and transport layers and does not inspect the content of the packets.

Circuit-level gateway: A faster, more resource-efficient firewall that verifies the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) handshake to ensure a requested session is legitimate. It does not inspect the individual data packets, making it less secure than content-inspecting firewalls.

Stateful inspection: An improvement on packet filtering, this type of firewall monitors the full context and state of active network connections. It maintains a state table to track connections, allowing it to differentiate legitimate traffic from suspicious, unsolicited packets.

Next-generation firewall (NGFW): A multi-layered firewall that combines traditional stateful inspection with advanced features like deep packet inspection (DPI), integrated intrusion prevention systems (IPS), and application-level control. It offers more robust protection against modern, sophisticated attacks.

Proxy: Also known as an application-level gateway, this firewall acts as an intermediary for network traffic. It operates at the application layer, terminating the connection and inspecting the content of data packets on behalf of the user, offering the highest level of security but also the most performance overhead.

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