Instrument Landing System (ILS) | Basic Principle of Operation

The instrument landing system is a ground-based navigational aid that is used for safe landing of aircraft during poor visibility and stormy environmental conditions it is installed at each end of runway and uses radio signal for communication with the aircraft. It enables the safe landing of aircraft using digital instruments during instrument Meteorological conditions (IMC) such as low ceilings or reduced visibility IFR. Instrument landing system basically have two parts, first is the ground part that consists of localizer having ground localizer antenna and ground glide path antenna and other part of instrument landing system is the airborne part as you are watching over here, course deviation indicator that is inside the cockpit and over here there are the airborne antennas of glide slope and localizer.
A third part that is actually not the part of ILS and used as an extra feature to improve the range conditions that is the marker beacon. Whenever approaching aircraft crossed the outer marker beacon it tells that you are four to seven nautical miles away from runway touchdown point and indication in the cockpit is a blinking blue color light. When the aircraft reaches near the middle marker beacon following the beam provided by localizer antenna in the cockpit there would be an amber color light indication showing the distance of 0.5 to 0.8 nautical miles from the runway threshold, whenever the aircraft reaches the inner marker beacon that is installed parallel to the runway touchdown point it triggers the white light in the cockpit.
Glide path antenna which is situated thousand feet from the runway touched down and is slightly offset to improve the vertical navigation information. The localizer antenna that is installed within 1,000 feet far from the approach runway. It is normally at about 250 to 600 feet it improves the center line information to the aircraft. The glide slope antenna uses 328 to 336 megahertz radio frequency range and also 90 Hertz and 150 Hertz navigational frequencies. Same is the case with localizer antenna that uses 1 0 8 to 112 megahertz frequency range.

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