Class (31) = Polyploidy (Part 01) | Introduction to Polyploidy and its Types | Causes of Polyploidy

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1. Polyploidy is the state of a cell or organism having more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (Eukaryotas) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes—one set inherited from each parent.
2. Polyploidy is a type of mutation that occurs when an individual bears more than one haploid set of chromosomes. If the individual with polyploidy bear three sets of haploid chromosomes, the condition is said to be triploidy whereas if it has four haploid sets, the condition is said to be tetraploidy.
3. Interestingly, polyploidy is a common phenomenon among plants as well as certain groups of fish, salamanders, frogs, and leeches.Several cytological mechanisms are known to spontaneously induce polyploidy in plants. One such route involves non-reduction of gametes during meiosis a process called meiotic nuclear restitution.
4. The formed gametes (2n) contain the somatic nuclear condition of cells. Meiotic aberrations related to spindle formation, spindle function and cytokinesis have been implicated in this process. The subsequent union of reduced and non-reduced gametes leads to the formation of polyploids.
5. Another major route for polyploid formation is through somatic doubling of chromosomes during mitosis. In nature, the formation of polyploids as a result of mitotic aberrations has been reported in the meristematic tissue of several plant species including tomato and in non-meristematic tissues of plants such as bean.
6. Artificial inducement of polyploids through the inhibition of mitosis is routine in plant breeding. High temperatures above 40°C have been used to induce tetraploid and octoploid corn seedlings albeit with low success of 1.8% and 0.8% respectively
7. Currently, chemical mitotic inhibitory agents such as colchicine or dinitroanilines are used to induce polyploidy in crop plants. A typical example is the production of tetraploid watermelon plants for the production of seedless triploid watermelon

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