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To most people, language is just what one speaks, hears, reads or writes in everyday life, which we do in what are considered different languages (e.g. Swedish, Swahili, English...). In Linguistics, however, "language" is a highly contested notion. In this video, I present an overview of the conceptualization of language in structural (Ferdinand de Saussure) and generative linguistics (Chomsky), and discuss the shift towards languaging in critical scholars of language (from the early works of Bakhtin and Volosinov to the contemporary works Makoni and Pennycook, Ofelia García, and Canagarajah, amongst others).

References:

-Bakhtin, M. (1981) Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press).
-Becker, A. L. (1988) ‘Language in Particular: A Lecture’, in D. Tannen (ed.) Linguistics in Context (Norwood, NJ: Ablex), pp. 17–35.
-Becker, A. L. (1995) Beyond Translation: Essays toward a Modern
Philosophy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press).
-Canagarajah, S. (ed.) (2005) Reclaiming the Local in Language Policy and Practice (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum).
-Canagarajah, S. (2013) Translingual Practice: Global Englishes and Cosmopolitan Relations (London: Routledge).
-Chomsky, Noam (1966). Cartesian Linguistics: A Chapter in the History of Rationalist Thought. New York: Harper & Row.
-Chomsky, N. (1988) Language and Problems of Knowledge (Cambridge: MIT Press).
-Chomsky, N. (1995) ‘Bare Phrase’ in H. Campos and P. Kempshinsky (eds) Evolution and Revolution in Linguistic Theory: Essays in Honor of Carlos P. Otero (Washington: Georgetown University Press), pp. 51–109.
-Flores, N. (2013) ‘The Unexamined Relationship Between Neoliberalism and Plurilingualism: A Cautionary Tale’, TESOL Quarterly, 47(3), 500–520.
-García, Ofelia, and Li Wei (2014). Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
-Jørgensen, J. N. and Juffermans, K. (2011) Languaging, November 2011, http://www.toolkit-online.eu/docs/lan...
-Juffermans, K. (2011) ‘The Old Man and the Letter: Repertoires of Literacy and Langauging in a Modern Multiethnic Gambian Village’, Compare, 41(2), 165–179.
-Makoni, B. and Makoni, S. (2010) ‘Multilingual Discourses on Wheels and Public English in Africa. A Case for Vague Linguistique’ in J. Maybin and J. Swaan (eds) Routledge Companion to English Language Studies (New York: Routledge), pp. 258–270
-Makoni, S. and Pennycook, A. (2007) Disinventing and Reconstituting Languages (Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters).
-Vološinov, V. N. (1929/1973) Marxism and the Philosophy of Language
[Original publication in Russian 1929, English translation by L. Matejka
and I. R. Titunik, 1973] (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).